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Natural products have long been a source of cure for cancer, and more than 1000 species of plants have been found to possess significant antineoplastic properties. Among these there are Ailanthus species, whose extracts have long been traditionally used as antitumoral in China and other Asian countries.1, 2, 3 From Ailanthus excelsa we isolated a purified quassinoid, Picrasa-3,13(21)-diene-2,16-dione, 11,20-epoxy-1,11,12-trihydroxy,(1β,11β,12α)-(9Cl) (ailanthone), that induced mitochondrial membrane depolarisation and caspase 3 activation in Jurkat cells. Interestingly, suboptimal doses of the compound significantly synergised with recombinant TRAIL in inducing apoptosis. This information can contribute to explain the antineoplastic properties of Ailanthus and indicates that quassinoids can allow further investigation for a possible use in therapy.
Dried roots (200 g) were extracted with methanol and fractionated by gel-permeation chromatography on a Sephadex LH-20 column, eluting with MeOH. In total, 126 of about 10 ml each were obtained and pooled in 20 main fractions on the basis of their TLC similarity in BuOH : AcOH : H2O (12 : 3 : 5) and CHCl3 : MeOH : H2O (70 : 30 : 3). Fractions 10, the most active in the bioassays, was purified by RP-HPLC on a C18 μ-Bondapack column (30 cm × 7.8 mm), eluting with a mixture of H2O–MeOH 40 : 60, and pure ailanthone (32 mg) was recovered. Structural determination of this compound was performed by analyses of 1H, 13C NMR and 13C NMR DEPT data. Ailanthione was diluted in 10% FCS-RPMI and added to Jurkat cell cultures at the indicated concentrations (Figure 1Aa) and for the indicated times (Figure 1Ab); then apoptosis was evaluated by incorporation of propidium iodide in the DNA of permeabilised cells.4 Ailanthone induced the appearance of >50% hypodiploid cells in cell cultures: its maximal effect was exerted at a concentration of 1 μg/ml and 72 h following its addition to cultures (Figure 1A).
Few hours following its administration to the cells, ailanthone induced mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, examined using the probe tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE)5 (Figure 1B), and subsequently activation of caspase 3, evident in Western blot (Figure 1C). Since quassinoids are able to interact with cell membranes,6 ailanthone might trigger apoptosis by directly altering mitochondrial membrane permeability. However, an indirect effect, mediated by ailanthone interaction with plasma membrane NADH oxidase and modification of the intracellular redox state, cannot be excluded – although we did not observe any significant modification in reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration following cell exposure to the molecule (results not shown).
These findings indicated that ailanthone could induce apoptosis in leukemic cells at clinically achievable concentrations. We verified whether the molecule could also synergise with recombinant TRAIL.7 As illustrated in Figure 1Da, cell apoptotic response (>80% of hypodiploidy) was elicited in Jurkat cells by the combined addition of suboptimal concentrations of ailanthone and recombinant TRAIL, which separately induced <30 and 10%, respectively, of hypodiploidy. The two compounds displayed a similar synergy also in cells of the thyroid papillary carcinoma line NPA. Indeed, after a 12 h incubation with suboptimal concentrations of the two molecules, NPA cells displayed about 40% of apoptosis, while cultures with ailanthone or TRAIL alone showed <10% of apoptotic cells. Synergy was even more evident at 24 and 30 h, when >80% apoptosis was reached in cells cultured with the combined molecules (Figure 1Db). Finally, to further verify the ailanthone-TRAIL synergy in a third different cell line, we analysed the effect of the two compounds on osteosarcoma SaOs-2 cells. Figure 1Dc shows the dose-dependent synergistic effect of ailanthone with a suboptimal concentration of TRAIL in these cells.
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We thank Rita Di Giacomo for her excellent collaboration.
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Rosati, A., Quaranta, E., Ammirante, M. et al. Quassinoids can induce mitochondrial membrane depolarisation and caspase 3 activation in human cells. Cell Death Differ 11 (Suppl 2), S216–S218 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401534
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401534
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