Nested, or hierarchically arranged, mutualisms allow ecosystems to support more species than they otherwise would. But in this and other contexts, the growth of such networks could carry a heavy price.
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Sugihara, G., Ye, H. Cooperative network dynamics. Nature 458, 979–980 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/458979a
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/458979a