Abstract
During embryogenesis, endothelial cells induce organogenesis before the development of circulation1,2,3,4. These findings suggest that endothelial cells not only form passive conduits to deliver nutrients and oxygen, but also establish an instructive vascular niche, which through elaboration of paracrine trophogens stimulates organ regeneration, in a manner similar to endothelial-cell-derived angiocrine factors that support haematopoiesis5,6,7. However, the precise mechanism by which tissue-specific subsets of endothelial cells promote organogenesis in adults is unknown. Here we demonstrate that liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) constitute a unique population of phenotypically and functionally defined VEGFR3+CD34−VEGFR2+VE-cadherin+FactorVIII+CD45− endothelial cells, which through the release of angiocrine trophogens initiate and sustain liver regeneration induced by 70% partial hepatectomy. After partial hepatectomy, residual liver vasculature remains intact without experiencing hypoxia or structural damage, which allows study of physiological liver regeneration. Using this model, we show that inducible genetic ablation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A receptor-2 (VEGFR2) in the LSECs impairs the initial burst of hepatocyte proliferation (days 1–3 after partial hepatectomy) and subsequent reconstitution of the hepatovascular mass (days 4–8 after partial hepatectomy) by inhibiting upregulation of the endothelial-cell-specific transcription factor Id1. Accordingly, Id1-deficient mice also manifest defects throughout liver regeneration, owing to diminished expression of LSEC-derived angiocrine factors, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and Wnt2. Notably, in in vitro co-cultures, VEGFR2-Id1 activation in LSECs stimulates hepatocyte proliferation. Indeed, intrasplenic transplantation of Id1+/+ or Id1−/− LSECs transduced with Wnt2 and HGF (Id1−/−Wnt2+HGF+ LSECs) re-establishes an inductive vascular niche in the liver sinusoids of the Id1−/− mice, initiating and restoring hepatovascular regeneration. Therefore, in the early phases of physiological liver regeneration, VEGFR2-Id1-mediated inductive angiogenesis in LSECs through release of angiocrine factors Wnt2 and HGF provokes hepatic proliferation. Subsequently, VEGFR2-Id1-dependent proliferative angiogenesis reconstitutes liver mass. Therapeutic co-transplantation of inductive VEGFR2+Id1+Wnt2+HGF+ LSECs with hepatocytes provides an effective strategy to achieve durable liver regeneration.
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Acknowledgements
S.R. is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Ansary Stem Cell Institute, National Institutes of Health grants HL097797, U01 HL-66592-03 and RC1 AI080309, the Qatar National Priorities Research Program, the Anbinder and Newmans Own Foundations, the Empire State Stem Cell Board and a New York State Department of Health grant, NYS C024180. T.N.S is supported by MEXT (Kiban-S), the Takeda Science Foundation and the Uehara Memorial Life Science Foundation. We are grateful to N. K. Hong for advice on mouse surgical procedure and F. Roth for editing the manuscript.
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B.-S.D., S.Y.R. and S.R. conceived and designed the project, B.-S.D., D.J.N., J.M.B., D.J., A.O.B. and H.K. performed experiments, T.N.S. generated conditional VEGFR2 knockout mouse line and all authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and preparation of the manuscript.
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Ding, BS., Nolan, D., Butler, J. et al. Inductive angiocrine signals from sinusoidal endothelium are required for liver regeneration. Nature 468, 310–315 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09493
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09493
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