Abstract
Several homology-dependent pathways can repair potentially lethal DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The first step common to all homologous recombination reactions is the 5′–3′ degradation of DSB ends that yields the 3′ single-stranded DNA required for the loading of checkpoint and recombination proteins. In yeast, the Mre11–Rad50–Xrs2 complex (Xrs2 is known as NBN or NBS1 in humans) and Sae2 (known as RBBP8 or CTIP in humans) initiate end resection, whereas long-range resection depends on the exonuclease Exo1, or the helicase–topoisomerase complex Sgs1–Top3–Rmi1 together with the endonuclease Dna2 (refs 1–6). DSBs occur in the context of chromatin, but how the resection machinery navigates through nucleosomal DNA is a process that is not well understood7. Here we show that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fun30 protein and its human counterpart SMARCAD1 (ref. 8), two poorly characterized ATP-dependent chromatin remodellers of the Snf2 ATPase family, are directly involved in the DSB response. Fun30 physically associates with DSB ends and directly promotes both Exo1- and Sgs1-dependent end resection through a mechanism involving its ATPase activity. The function of Fun30 in resection facilitates the repair of camptothecin-induced DNA lesions, although it becomes dispensable when Exo1 is ectopically overexpressed. Interestingly, SMARCAD1 is also recruited to DSBs, and the kinetics of recruitment is similar to that of EXO1. The loss of SMARCAD1 impairs end resection and recombinational DNA repair, and renders cells hypersensitive to DNA damage resulting from camptothecin or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor treatments. These findings unveil an evolutionarily conserved role for the Fun30 and SMARCAD1 chromatin remodellers in controlling end resection, homologous recombination and genome stability in the context of chromatin.
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Change history
26 September 2012
Reference numbering in the online-only Methods section was corrected.
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Acknowledgements
We thank G. Ira for sharing unpublished data and S. Janicki, R. Greenberg, L. Symington and all the laboratories from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR3081 for providing reagents. We thank S. Coulon for help in the analysis of the fun30 repressible allele, I. Lafontaine for support in statistical analyses, C. V. Camacho for generating the V5-EXO1 constructs and A. Guénolé, R. Srivas, T. Ideker, K. Vreeken and M. Vermeulen for help in searching for Fun30 interactors. B.L. is grateful to B. Dujon for hosting him and providing the opportunity to perform the BIR screen. S.B. is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (RO1 CA149461), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX10AE08G) and the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP100644). H.v.A. receives funding from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO-VIDI grant) and Human Frontiers Science Program (HFSP-CDA grant). B.L. is supported by grants from the CNRS (ATIP) and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-BLAN-1606-03).
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B.L. and A.T. performed the genetic screen and B.L. identified the resection defect of fun30Δ. T.C. constructed yeast strains and plasmids and performed the yeast ChIP experiments. R.L. constructed yeast strains and performed ssDNA analysis by alkaline gels, BIR and gap-repair assays. R.L. and T.C. analysed SSA defects. N.T. and B.M. performed all of the SMARCAD1 knockdown experiments in human cells and the DR-GFP assays. E.M. designed and built the strain containing the inducible I-SceI cut site at HIS3, performed the micrococcal nuclease assay and contributed to data analysis. B.K. performed the analysis of survivors in the absence of telomerase. K.D. assisted R.L. and K.D., R.L. and T.C. performed fun30 DNA-damage-sensitivity assays. W.W.W. examined the localization of SMARCAD1 at FokI-induced DSBs. T.C., S.B., H.v.A. and B.L. designed the experiments and analysed the data. H.v.A. and B.L. wrote the manuscript.
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This file contains Supplementary Figures 1-13, the full legend for Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary Tables 2 and 3 and Supplementary References. This file was replaced on 26 September 2012 to correct the numbering of the references. (PDF 5558 kb)
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Costelloe, T., Louge, R., Tomimatsu, N. et al. The yeast Fun30 and human SMARCAD1 chromatin remodellers promote DNA end resection. Nature 489, 581–584 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11353
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11353
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