Abstract
Electrons have an intrinsic, indivisible, magnetic dipole aligned with their internal angular momentum (spin). The magnetic interaction between two electronic spins can therefore impose a change in their orientation. Similar dipolar magnetic interactions exist between other spin systems and have been studied experimentally. Examples include the interaction between an electron and its nucleus and the interaction between several multi-electron spin complexes1,2,3,4,5. The challenge in observing such interactions for two electrons is twofold. First, at the atomic scale, where the coupling is relatively large, it is often dominated by the much larger Coulomb exchange counterpart1. Second, on scales that are substantially larger than the atomic, the magnetic coupling is very weak and can be well below the ambient magnetic noise. Here we report the measurement of the magnetic interaction between the two ground-state spin-1/2 valence electrons of two 88Sr+ ions, co-trapped in an electric Paul trap. We varied the ion separation, d, between 2.18 and 2.76 micrometres and measured the electrons’ weak, millihertz-scale, magnetic interaction as a function of distance, in the presence of magnetic noise that was six orders of magnitude larger than the magnetic fields the electrons apply on each other. The cooperative spin dynamics was kept coherent for 15 seconds, during which spin entanglement was generated, as verified by a negative measured value of −0.16 for the swap entanglement witness. The sensitivity necessary for this measurement was provided by restricting the spin evolution to a decoherence-free subspace that is immune to collective magnetic field noise. Our measurements show a d−3.0(4) distance dependence for the coupling, consistent with the inverse-cube law.
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Acknowledgements
We thank J. Avron for discussions on the entanglement witness. We acknowledge support by the Israeli Science Foundation, the Crown Photonics Center, the German-Israeli Science Foundation and M. Kushner Schnur, Mexico.
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S.K. designed the scheme for measuring spin–spin coupling. S.K. and N.A. performed the measurements. S.K. analysed the results. S.K., N.A., N.N. and Y.G. developed the techniques necessary to experimentally implement the measurement scheme. S.K. and R.O. wrote the paper. R.O. supervised the work. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the manuscript.
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Supplementary Information
This file contains Supplementary Text and Data: (1) Details of the experimental setup, state preparation, detection and manipulation and also a discussion of motion heating;(2) Analytic derivation of magnetic spin-spin Hamiltonian evolution; (3) Analytic derivation of the parity and swap observables, taking preparation and detection fidelities into account, Allan deviation analysis of swap data and details of the Monte-Carlo swap error estimation; (4) Error analysis of adversary effects including motion heating, micromotion, quantization axis direction fluctuation, trap magnetic fields, spin-orbit coupling and mutually induced magnetic fields. (PDF 417 kb)
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Kotler, S., Akerman, N., Navon, N. et al. Measurement of the magnetic interaction between two bound electrons of two separate ions. Nature 510, 376–380 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13403
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13403
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