Abstract
The human body carries vast communities of microbes that provide many benefits. Our microbiome is complex and challenging to understand, but evolutionary theory provides a universal framework with which to analyse its biology and health impacts. Here we argue that to understand a given microbiome feature, such as colonization resistance, host nutrition or immune development, we must consider how hosts and symbionts evolve. Symbionts commonly evolve to compete within the host ecosystem, while hosts evolve to keep the ecosystem on a leash. We suggest that the health benefits of the microbiome should be understood, and studied, as an interplay between microbial competition and host control.
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Acknowledgements
We thank J. Boomsma, J. Thompson, S. Knowles and N. Ruby for discussions and comments on the manuscript, and D. Hughes, A. Wilson, M. McFall-Ngai for providing images for Fig. 2. K.R.F. is funded by European Research Council grant 242670 and a Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Science (Magdalen College, Oxford) grant. K.Z.C. is funded by a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (grant 201341/Z/16/Z). J.S. is funded by an NIH grant to E. Pamer and J. Xavier (project number 1U01AI124275-01). S.R.-N. is funded by NIH grant 1K08AI130392-01 and a Career Award for Medical Scientists from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund.
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Foster, K., Schluter, J., Coyte, K. et al. The evolution of the host microbiome as an ecosystem on a leash. Nature 548, 43–51 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23292
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