Abstract
To be able to control the functions of engineered multicomponent nanomaterials, a detailed understanding of heterogeneous nucleation at the nanoscale is essential. Here, by using in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering, we show that in the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of Au on Pt or Pt-alloy seeds the heteroepitaxial growth of the Au shell exerts high stress (∼2 GPa) on the seed by forming a core/shell structure in the early stage of the reaction. The development of lattice strain and subsequent strain relaxation, which we show using atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy to occur through the slip of {111} layers, induces morphological changes from a core/shell to a dumbbell structure, and governs the nucleation and growth kinetics. We also propose a thermodynamic model for the nucleation and growth of dumbbell metallic heteronanostructures.
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Acknowledgements
Use of the Center for Nanoscale Materials and Advanced Photon Source was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. MRCAT is funded by MRCAT host institutions. The authors thank C. Marshall for fruitful discussion and help in tests of catalytic activity. S.C. and T.S. would like to thank V. Zyryanov for help with experiments and C. Segre for beam-time allocation. P.J.P. and R.F.K. acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (DMR-0959470) for the acquisition of the UIC JEOL JEMARM200CF. Support from the UIC Research Resources Center is also acknowledged. The work at GeoSoilEnviroCARS was supported by the National Science Foundation—Earth Sciences (EAR-0622171) and Department of Energy—Geosciences (DE-FG02-94ER14466).
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S.G.K. designed and implemented experiments, and analysed the data except for SAXS and EXAFS. G.K. carried out NP synthesis and sample preparations. P.J.P. and R.F.K. performed STEM and EDX measurements. S.C. and T.S. measured EXAFS and analysed the data. E.E.B. supervised catalytic reactions and analysis. Y.L. supervised TEM analysis. V.B.P. performed synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. B.L. supervised and performed SAXS/WAXS measurements and analysed SAXS data. E.V.S. supervised the project and wrote the manuscript with B.L. and S.G.K.
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Kwon, S., Krylova, G., Phillips, P. et al. Heterogeneous nucleation and shape transformation of multicomponent metallic nanostructures. Nature Mater 14, 215–223 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4115
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4115
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