Abstract
Dendritic spines have been proposed to transform synaptic signals through chemical and electrical compartmentalization. However, the quantitative contribution of spine morphology to synapse compartmentalization and its dynamic regulation are still poorly understood. We used time-lapse super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging in combination with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements, two-photon glutamate uncaging, electrophysiology and simulations to investigate the dynamic link between nanoscale anatomy and compartmentalization in live spines of CA1 neurons in mouse brain slices. We report a diversity of spine morphologies that argues against common categorization schemes and establish a close link between compartmentalization and spine morphology, wherein spine neck width is the most critical morphological parameter. We demonstrate that spine necks are plastic structures that become wider and shorter after long-term potentiation. These morphological changes are predicted to lead to a substantial drop in spine head excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) while preserving overall biochemical compartmentalization.
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Acknowledgements
We thank D. DiGregorio (Pasteur Institute) and all members of the Nägerl laboratory for comments on the manuscript, and J. Angibaud for excellent technical support. This work was supported by postdoctoral fellowships from the Marie-Curie Program (grant 272351) and the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO; grant 1518-2010) to J.T. and by grants from the French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), the Human Frontiers Science program (HFSP) and France-BioImaging (ANR-10-INSB-04) to U.V.N.
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J.T. and U.V.N. conceived and designed experiments. J.T. performed experimental work. G.K. and B.R. developed and provided reagents. J.T. and U.V.N. analyzed data and performed modeling. J.T. and U.V.N. wrote the paper. J.T., G.K., B.R. and U.V.N. approved the paper.
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Integrated supplementary information
Supplementary Figure 1 Raw STED image of dendritic segment.
(a) The image z-stack depicted as a maximum intensity projection in Figure 1, covering 10 sections 460 nm apart. All sections shown are raw images. (b) The maximum intensity projection of the raw image sections. Scale bars are 500 nm.
Supplementary Figure 2 Correlation plot of diffusional recovery time constants for two different durations of bleaching.
Correlation plot of diffusional recovery time constants, τ, for two different durations of bleaching (short: 10 ms; long: 300 ms; R2 = 0.76; P < 0.0001; n = 14 spines [2 slices, 2 animals]; y = 1.0x + 4.7).
Supplementary Figure 3 Contributions of morphological parameters to τ variability.
(a) Residuals from the linear correlation between τ and neck length depicted in Figure 3d (R2 = 0.18; N = 148 spines [15 slices, 12 animals]). (b) τ plotted against neck cross-sectional area (A) (hyperbola fit y = ax-1+b; R2 = 0.45, depicted with the 95% CI). (c) Plot of 1/A against τ (Linear regression, R2 = 0.48, plot shows residuals). (d) Head volume plotted against τ (linear regression with 95% CI, R2 = 0.29). (e) Residuals plot from (d).
Supplementary Figure 5 Observed morphological changes.
Observed morphological changes in (a) head volume, (b) neck width and (c) neck length during combined STED, FRAP and uLTP experiments (Fig. 6j,k). uLTP induced changes in all three morphological parameters (1-way ANOVA P = 0.03 to 0.005. P values in graphs are from Dunnett's multiple comparisons. Plots display mean ± SEM.
Supplementary Figure 6 Influence of morphological changes on EPSPs.
(a) The equivalent circuit model of a passive spine used to calculate spine and dendritic EPSPs. The model incorporates synaptic conductance (Gsyn), membrane reversal potential (Esyn), spine neck resistance (Rneck) and dendritic input resistance (Rdend). (b) Cartoon illustration of the effect of a 50% drop in Rneck as observed after LTP.
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Tønnesen, J., Katona, G., Rózsa, B. et al. Spine neck plasticity regulates compartmentalization of synapses. Nat Neurosci 17, 678–685 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3682
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3682
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