Abstract
The atomic force microscope is broadly used to study the morphology of cells1,2,3,4,5, but it can also probe the mechanics of cells. It is now known that cancerous cells may have different mechanical properties to those of normal cells6,7,8, but the reasons for these differences are poorly understood9. Here, we report quantitatively the differences between normal and cancerous human cervical epithelial cells by considering the brush layer on the cell surface. These brush layers, which consist mainly of microvilli, microridges and cilia, are important for interactions with the environment. Deformation force curves obtained from cells in vitro were processed according to the ‘brush on soft cell model’10. We found that normal cells have brushes of one length, whereas cancerous cells have mostly two brush lengths of significantly different densities. The observed differences suggest that brush layers should be taken into account when characterizing the cell surface by mechanical means.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge funding for this work from grants by the National Science Foundation no. 0304143 (I.S.), National Cancer Institute no. 1R15CA126855-01 (C.D.W.), and operational funds of Nanoengineering and Biotechnology Laboratories Center (NABLAB). Tissue was obtained from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network. We are thankful to S. Minko, V. Privman and E. Katz for useful discussions.
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I.S. conceived and designed the experiments. S.I., R.M.G., V.S.R. and I.S. performed AFM and confocal measurements. C.D.W. and I.S. performed EM measurements. R.M.G. performed the critical electrolyte study. R.M.G., V.S.R. and I.S. analysed the data. S.I., C.D.W. and I.S. co-wrote the paper.
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Iyer, S., Gaikwad, R., Subba-Rao, V. et al. Atomic force microscopy detects differences in the surface brush of normal and cancerous cells. Nature Nanotech 4, 389–393 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.77
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.77
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