Abstract
Optically detected magnetic resonance using nitrogen–vacancy (NV) colour centres in diamond is a leading modality for nanoscale magnetic field imaging1,2,3, as it provides single electron spin sensitivity4, three-dimensional resolution better than 1 nm (ref. 5) and applicability to a wide range of physical6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 and biological14,15 samples under ambient conditions. To date, however, NV-diamond magnetic imaging has been performed using ‘real-space’ techniques, which are either limited by optical diffraction to ∼250 nm resolution16 or require slow, point-by-point scanning for nanoscale resolution, for example, using an atomic force microscope17, magnetic tip5, or super-resolution optical imaging18,19. Here, we introduce an alternative technique of Fourier magnetic imaging using NV-diamond. In analogy with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we employ pulsed magnetic field gradients to phase-encode spatial information on NV electronic spins in wavenumber or ‘k-space’20 followed by a fast Fourier transform to yield real-space images with nanoscale resolution, wide field of view and compressed sensing speed-up.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, and the Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) QuISM and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) QuASAR programmes. The authors acknowledge the provision of diamond samples by Element 6 and helpful technical discussions with M. Sarracanie, M. Rosen, D. Phillips, A. Glenday and B. Haussmann.
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K.A., C.B. and H.Z. contributed equally to this work. R.L.W. conceived the idea of NV Fourier magnetic imaging and supervised the project. K.A., C.B. and H.Z. developed measurement protocols, hardware and software for NV Fourier magnetic imaging, performed the measurements and analysed the data. C.B. and N.B.-G. developed the NV-diamond confocal microscope used in the study. N.B.-G. also aided the development of data acquisition software. S.J.D. and A.Y. advised on Fourier imaging techniques and applications. P.C. advised on compressed sensing techniques and applications. All authors discussed the results and participated in writing the manuscript.
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Arai, K., Belthangady, C., Zhang, H. et al. Fourier magnetic imaging with nanoscale resolution and compressed sensing speed-up using electronic spins in diamond. Nature Nanotech 10, 859–864 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.171
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.171
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