Abstract
Intravenously injected nanopharmaceuticals, including PEGylated nanoparticles, induce adverse cardiopulmonary reactions in sensitive human subjects, and these reactions are highly reproducible in pigs. Although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, roles for both the complement system and reactive macrophages have been implicated. Here, we show the dominance and importance of robust pulmonary intravascular macrophage clearance of nanoparticles in mediating adverse cardiopulmonary distress in pigs irrespective of complement activation. Specifically, we show that delaying particle recognition by macrophages within the first few minutes of injection overcomes adverse reactions in pigs using two independent approaches. First, we changed the particle geometry from a spherical shape (which triggers cardiopulmonary distress) to either rod- or disk-shape morphology. Second, we physically adhered spheres to the surface of erythrocytes. These strategies, which are distinct from commonly leveraged stealth engineering approaches such as nanoparticle surface functionalization with poly(ethylene glycol) and/or immunological modulators, prevent robust macrophage recognition, resulting in the reduction or mitigation of adverse cardiopulmonary distress associated with nanopharmaceutical administration.
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Change history
03 May 2017
In the version of this Article originally published the first author's middle name was misspelled. His name should have read Peter Popp Wibroe. This has been corrected in all versions of the Article.
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Acknowledgements
S.M.M. acknowledges financial support by the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation (Det Strategiske Forskningsråd), reference 09-065746. T.E.M. acknowledges financial support from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 602699 (DIREKT). S.M. acknowledges support from the National Institutes of Health (R01HL129179). The authors thank N. Payemi (University of Copenhagen) for assisting with scanning electron microscopy studies and H. Biotech for providing the pig C5a ELISA kit.
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S.M.M. and P.P.W. conceived the idea. P.P.W., A.C.A., P.H.N., A.S., V.G., R.U. and S.M.M. performed experiments. All authors designed, analysed and discussed data. P.P.W. and S.M.M. wrote the paper, with contributions from all authors. All co-authors critically revised the manuscript.
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Wibroe, P., Anselmo, A., Nilsson, P. et al. Bypassing adverse injection reactions to nanoparticles through shape modification and attachment to erythrocytes. Nature Nanotech 12, 589–594 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.47
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.47
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