Preliminary phase II results presented at the ERA–EDTA Congress showed that, for patients with stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease, mild iron deficiency and mildly elevated serum phosphate levels, ferric citrate coordination complex can increase transferrin saturation, reduce serum phosphate, increase haemoglobin and reduce fibroblast growth factor levels. Adverse events were comparable with placebo at this stage of reporting (12 weeks).