Abstract
Many estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers respond well initially to endocrine therapies, but often develop resistance during treatment with selective ER modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen. We have reported that the 14-3-3 family member and conserved protein, 14-3-3ζ, is upregulated by tamoxifen and that high expression correlated with an early time to disease recurrence. However, the mechanism by which tamoxifen upregulates 14-3-3ζ and may promote the development of endocrine resistance is not known. Our findings herein reveal that the tamoxifen upregulation of 14-3-3ζ results from its ability to rapidly downregulate microRNA (miR)-451 that specifically targets 14-3-3ζ. The levels of 14-3-3ζ and miR-451 were inversely correlated, with 14-3-3ζ being elevated and miR-451 being at a greatly reduced level in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Of note, downregulation of miR-451 was selectively elicited by tamoxifen but not by other SERMs, such as raloxifene or ICI182,780 (Fulvestrant). Increasing the level of miR-451 by overexpression, which decreased 14-3-3ζ, suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation, markedly reduced activation of HER2, EGFR and MAPK signaling, increased apoptosis, and, importantly, restored the growth-inhibitory effectiveness of SERMs in endocrine-resistant cells. Opposite effects were elicited by miR-451 knockdown. Thus, we identify tamoxifen downregulation of miR-451, and consequent elevation of the key survival factor 14-3-3ζ, as a mechanistic basis of tamoxifen-associated development of endocrine resistance. These findings suggest that therapeutic approaches to increase expression of this tumor suppressor-like miR should be considered to downregulate 14-3-3ζ and enhance the effectiveness of endocrine therapies. Furthermore, the selective ability of the SERM tamoxifen but not raloxifene to regulate miR-451 and 14-3-3ζ may assist in understanding differences in their activities, as seen in the STAR (Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene) breast cancer prevention trial and in other clinical trials.
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Abbreviations
- ER:
-
estrogen receptor
- ICI:
-
ICI 182,780, fulvestrant
- miR:
-
microRNA
- Ral:
-
raloxifene
- SERM:
-
selective estrogen receptor modulator
- Tam:
-
tamoxifen
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by grants from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BSK) and the NIH (P01AG024387 and P50 AT006268, BSK), and a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Department of Defense (W81XWH-09-1-0398, AB). We thank Dr Nancy Weigel, Baylor College of Medicine, for providing lysine-coated adenovirus.
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Bergamaschi, A., Katzenellenbogen, B. Tamoxifen downregulation of miR-451 increases 14-3-3ζ and promotes breast cancer cell survival and endocrine resistance. Oncogene 31, 39–47 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2011.223
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2011.223
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