Abstract
Colon cancer cells frequently carry mutations that activate the β-catenin and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades. Yet how oncogenic alterations interact to control cellular hierarchies during tumor initiation and progression is largely unknown. We found that oncogenic BRAF modulates gene expression associated with cell differentiation in colon cancer cells. We therefore engineered a mouse with an inducible oncogenic BRAF transgene, and analyzed BRAF effects on cellular hierarchies in the intestinal epithelium in vivo and in primary organotypic culture. We demonstrate that transgenic expression of oncogenic BRAF in the mouse strongly activated MAPK signal transduction, resulted in the rapid development of generalized serrated dysplasia, but unexpectedly also induced depletion of the intestinal stem cell (ISC) pool. Histological and gene expression analyses indicate that ISCs collectively converted to short-lived progenitor cells after BRAF activation. As Wnt/β-catenin signals encourage ISC identity, we asked whether β-catenin activity could counteract oncogenic BRAF. Indeed, we found that intestinal organoids could be partially protected from deleterious oncogenic BRAF effects by Wnt3a or by small-molecule inhibition of GSK3β. Similarly, transgenic expression of stabilized β-catenin in addition to oncogenic BRAF partially prevented loss of stem cells in the mouse intestine. We also used BRAFV637E knock-in mice to follow changes in the stem cell pool during serrated tumor progression and found ISC marker expression reduced in serrated hyperplasia forming after BRAF activation, but intensified in progressive dysplastic foci characterized by additional mutations that activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our study suggests that oncogenic alterations activating the MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways must be consecutively and coordinately selected to assure stem cell maintenance during colon cancer initiation and progression. Notably, loss of stem cell identity upon induction of BRAF/MAPK activity may represent a novel fail-safe mechanism protecting intestinal tissue from oncogene activation.
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded in part by NGFNplus grant PKM-01GS08105 to MM and BGH and eBio grant 0316184A to MM. We gratefully acknowledge Judith Seidemann (Charité Berlin), Gaby Bläß and Karol Macura (MPI-MG Berlin) for excellent technical assistance, Sonja Banko (animal facility, MPI-MG) for maintainance of the mice, Jan Dörr (Charité Berlin) for SA-β-Galactosidase stainings, Tilman Brummer (University of Freiburg) for the gift of Caco2-tet cells and Julian Heuberger (Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin) for the gift of the ITF antibody.
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Riemer, P., Sreekumar, A., Reinke, S. et al. Transgenic expression of oncogenic BRAF induces loss of stem cells in the mouse intestine, which is antagonized by β-catenin activity. Oncogene 34, 3164–3175 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2014.247
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2014.247
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