Abstract
Surface morphologies of thin films of polypyrrole doped with two similar anions (with different ionic radii) viz. chloride and bromide were compared by means of fractal geometry. Scanning electron micrographs of the polymer surfaces showed a significant difference between the surface structures of two anion-doped polypyrrole films in microscale and particularly in nanoscale. Surprisingly, the bromide-doped polypyrrole had nanostructure; whereas, the chloride-doped polypyrrole surface was smooth in nanoscale. An electrochemical method based on gold-masking approach was employed to reveal the fractality of these polymer surfaces in microscale. Fractal geometry successfully discovered the effect of anion doping on microstructure of the conductive polymer by suggesting different fractal dimensions. In addition, SAXS analysis indicated significant difference in fractality of the polymer in nanoscale.
Similar content being viewed by others
Article PDF
References
L. F. Warren and D. P. Anderson, J. Electrochem. Soc., 134, 101 (1987).
T. Shimidzu, A. Ohtani, T. Iyoda, and K. Honda, J. Electroanal. Chem., 224, 123 (1987).
R. Qian and J. Qiu, Polym. J., 19, 157 (1987).
T. F. Otero and E. De Larreta, Synth. Met., 26, 79 (1988).
K. M. Cheung, D. Bloor, and G. C. Stevens, J. Mater. Sci., 25, 3814 (1990).
S. J. Sutton and A. S. Vaughan, Synth. Met., 58, 391 (1993).
C. Froeck, A. Bartl, and L. Dunsch, Electrochim. Acta, 40, 1421 (1995).
J. Tamm, A. Hallik, A. Alumaa, and V. Sammelselg, Electrochim. Acta, 42, 2929 (1997).
R. G. Compton, T. Silk, J. Tamm, and Q. Hong, Synth. Met., 93, 59 (1998).
C. Zhu, C. Wang, L. Yang, C. Bai, and F. Wang, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process., 68, 435 (1999).
J. Yano, F. Takamura, K. Masaoka, S. Yamasaki, Y. Ota, and A. Kitani, Synth. Met., 135–136, 417 (2003).
S. A. M. Refaey, Synth. Met., 140, 87 (2004).
M. Campos and B. Bello Jr., Synth. Met., 60, 1 (1993).
K. Aoki and Y. Teragishi, J. Electroanal. Chem., 441, 25 (1998).
Q. Hong, R. G. Compton, T. Silk, and J. Tamm, Synth. Met., 93, 65 (1998).
G. Merle, A. C. Grillet, J. Allemand, and D. Lesueur, Polym. Test., 18, 217 (1999).
Q. Wu, L. Wu, Z. Qi, and F. Wang, Synth. Met., 105, 13 (1999).
J. J. Langer, Synth. Met., 113, 263 (2000).
S. Neves and C. Polo Fonseca, Electrochem. Commun., 3, 36 (2001).
C.-Q. Jin and S.-M. Park, Synth. Met., 443, 443 (2001).
H. Randriamahazaka, V. Noel, and C. Chevrot, J. Electroanal. Chem., 521, 107 (2002).
F. Gobal, K. Malek, M. G. Mahjani, M. Jafarian, and V. Safarnavadeh, Synth. Met., 108, 15 (2000).
A. Eftekhari, M. Kazemzad, and M. Keyanpour-Rad, Appl. Surf. Sci., 239, 311 (2005).
T. Pajkossy, J. Electroanal. Chem., 300, 1 (1991).
A. Eftekhari, Electrochim. Acta, 48, 2831 (2003).
T. Pajkossy and L. Nyikos, Electrochim. Acta, 34, 171 (1989).
A. Eftekhari, Appl. Surf. Sci., 220, 346 (2003).
A. Eftekhari, Colloids Surf., B, 32, 375 (2003).
A. Eftekhari, Appl. Surf. Sci., 227, 331 (2004).
M. Stromme, G. A. Niklasson, and C. G. Granqvist, Solid State Commun., 96, 151 (1995).
A. Imre, T. Pajkossy, and L. Nyikos, Acta Metallur. Mater., 40, 1819 (1992).
D. L. Williamson, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 377, 251 (1995).
K. Tanaka, A. Ito, T. Yoshii, S. Suehiro, S. Nagura, N. Ando, and Y. Hato, Carbon, 39, 1599 (2001).
W. Ruland, Carbon, 39, 323 (2001).
A. Eftekhari, M. Kazemzad, M. Keyanpour-Rad, and M. A. Bahrevar, Appl. Surf. Sci., 242, 82 (2005).
A. Eftekhari, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, E291 (2004).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eftekhari, A., Kazemzad, M. & Keyanpour-Rad, M. Significant Effect of Dopant Size on Nanoscale Fractal Structure of Polypyrrole Film. Polym J 38, 781–785 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1295/polymj.PJ2005173
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1295/polymj.PJ2005173
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Dodecyl sulfate-doped polypyrrole derivative grains as a light-responsive liquid marble stabilizer
Polymer Journal (2020)
-
Flexible organic photo-thermogalvanic cell for low power applications
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics (2016)
-
The effect of dopant on structural, thermal and morphological properties of DBSA-doped polypyrrole
Iranian Polymer Journal (2013)