Abstract
Background/Objectives
The purpose of this study was: (1) to compare body volume (BV) estimated from a 2-dimensional (2D) image analysis program (BVIMAGE), and a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) equation (BVDXA-Smith-Ryan) to an underwater weighing (UWW) criterion (BVUWW); (2) to compare relative adiposity (%Fat) derived from a 3-compartment (3C) model using BVIMAGE (%Fat3C-IMAGE), and a 4-compartment (4C) model using BVDXA-Smith-Ryan (%Fat4C-DXA-Smith-Ryan) to a 4C criterion model using BVUWW (%Fat4C-UWW).
Subject/Methods
Forty-eight participants were included (60% male, 22.9 ± 5.0 years, 24.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2). BVIMAGE was derived using a single digital image of each participant taken from the rear/posterior view. DXA-derived BV was calculated according to Smith-Ryan et al. Bioimpedance spectroscopy and DXA were used to measure total body water and bone mineral content, respectively, in the 3C and 4C models. A standardized mean effect size (ES) assessed the magnitude of differences between models with values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 for small, moderate, and large differences, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Results
Near-perfect correlation (r = 0.998, p < 0.001) and no mean differences (p = 0.267) were observed between BVIMAGE (69.6 ± 11.5 L) and BVUWW (69.5 ± 11.4 L). No mean differences were observed between %Fat4C-DXA-Smith-Ryan and the %Fat4C-UWW criterion (p = 0.988). Small mean differences were observed between %Fat3C-IMAGE and %Fat4C-UWW (ES = 0.2, p < 0.001). %Fat3C-IMAGE exhibited smaller SEE and TE, and tighter limits of agreement than %Fat4C-DXA-Smith-Ryan.
Conclusions
The 2D image analysis program provided an accurate and non-invasive estimate of BV, and subsequently %Fat within a 3C model in generally healthy, young adults.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Borga M, West J, Bell JD, Harvey NC, Romu T, Heymsfield SB, et al. Advanced body composition assessment: from body mass index to body composition profiling. J Investig Med. 2018;66:1–9.
Dhana K, Kavousi M, Ikram MA, Tiemeier HW, Hofman A, Franco OH. Body shape index in comparison with other anthropometric measures in prediction of total and cause-specific mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70:90–6.
Jensen MD. Role of body fat distribution and the metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:S57–63.
Sternfeld B, Ngo L, Satariano WA, Tager IB. Associations of body composition with physical performance and self-reported functional limitation in elderly men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:110–21.
Hyde PN, Kendall KL, Fairman CM, Coker NA, Yarbrough ME, Rossi SJ. Use of b-mode ultrasound as a body fat estimate in collegiate football players. J Strength Conditioning Res. 2016;30:3525–30.
Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Med. 2016;46:1419–49.
Woodrow G. Body composition analysis techniques in the aged adult: Indications and limitations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12:8–14.
Sheng HP, Huggins RA. A review of body composition studies with emphasis on total body water and fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32:630–47.
Forslund AH, Johansson AG, Sjodin A, Bryding G, Ljunghall S, Hambraeus L. Evaluation of modified multicompartment models to calculate body composition in healthy males. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63:856–62.
Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. Tech Measuring Body Composition. 1961;61:223–44.
Moon JR. Body composition in athletes and sports nutrition: An examination of the bioimpedance analysis technique. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67:S54–9.
Wells JC, Fewtrell MS. Measuring body composition. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:612–7.
Withers RT, LaForgia J, Pillans RK, Shipp NJ, Chatterton BE, Schultz CG, et al. Comparisons of two-, three-, and four-compartment models of body composition analysis in men and women. J Appl Physiol. 1998;85:238–45.
Moon JR, Smith AE, Tobkin SE, Lockwood CM, Kendall KL, Graef JL, et al. Total body water changes after an exercise intervention tracked using bioimpedance spectroscopy: a deuterium oxide comparison. Clin Nutr. 2009;28:516–25.
Wilson JP, Strauss BJ, Fan B, Duewer FW, Shepherd JA. Improved 4-compartment body-composition model for a clinically accessible measure of total body protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:497–504.
Heyward V. ASEP methods recommendation: body composition assessment. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2001;4:1–12.
Smith-Ryan AE, Mock MG, Ryan ED, Gerstner GR, Trexler ET, Hirsch KR. Validity and reliability of a 4-compartment body composition model using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body volume. Clin Nutr. 2017;36:825–30.
Nickerson BS, Esco MR, Bishop PA, Kliszczewicz BM, Park KS, Williford HN. Validity of four-compartment model body fat in physically active men and women when using dxa for body volume. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017;27:520–7.
Nickerson BS, Fedewa MV, McLester CN, McLester JR, Esco MR. Development of a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body volume equation in hispanic adults for administering a four-compartment model. Br J Nutr. 2020;123:1373–81.
Wilson JP, Mulligan K, Fan B, Sherman JL, Murphy EJ, Tai VW, et al. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-based body volume measurement for 4-compartment body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95:25–31.
Blue MNM, Hirsch KR, Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE. Validity of the 4-compartment model using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body volume in overweight individuals. Appl Physicol Nutr Metab. 2018;43:742–6.
Fedewa MV, Sullivan K, Hornikel B, Holmes CJ, Metoyer CJ, Esco MR. Accuracy of a mobile 2D imaging system for body volume and subsequent composition estimates in a three-compartment model. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002550.
Fedewa MV, Esco MR. Body composition assessment using two-dimensional digital image analysis. United States Provisional Patent 16/841,944 April 8, 2020.
Moon JR, Tobkin SE, Roberts MD, Dalbo VJ, Kerksick CM, Bemben MG, et al. Total body water estimations in healthy men and women using bioimpedance spectroscopy: a deuterium oxide comparison. Nutr Metab. 2008;5:7.
Nickerson BS, Tinsley GM, Esco MR. Validity of field and laboratory three-compartment models in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51:1032–9.
Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Heshka S, Kehayias JJ, Pierson RN. Dual-photon absorptiometry: comparison of bone mineral and soft tissue mass measurements in vivo with established methods. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49:1283–9.
Wang Z, Shen W, Withers RT, and Heymsfield SB. Multicomponent molecular-level models of body composition analysis. Champaign, IL: HumanKinetics, 2005.
Heyward VH, Stolarczyk LM. Applied body composition assessment. Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 1996.
Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:155–9.
McBride G. A proposal for strength-of-agreement criteria for lin’s concordance correlation coefficient. NIWA Client Rep. 2005;062:62.
Lipsey MW, Wilson DB. Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE publications, Inc; 2001.
Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1:307–10.
Moon JR, Tobkin SE, Walter AA, Smith AE, Beck TW, Cramer JT, et al. A simplified method for estimating body volume in men and women using digital image plethysmography (dip): 1667. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:S270–S1.
Esco MR, Nickerson BS, Fedewa MV, Moon JR, Snarr RL. A novel method of utilizing skinfolds and bioimpedance for determining body fat percentage via a field-based three-compartment model. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72:1431–8.
Tinsley GM, Rodriguez C, White SJ, Williams AD, Stratton MT, Harty PS. A field-based three-compartment model derived from ultrasonography and bioimpedance for estimating body composition changes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2021;53:658–667.
Wagner DR, Heyward VH. Techniques of body composition assessment: a review of laboratory and field methods. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1999;70:135–49.
Lohman TG. Skinfolds and body density and their relation to body fatness: a review. Hum Biol. 1981;53:181–225.
Kispert CP, Merrifield HH. Interrater reliability of skinfold fat measurements. Phys Ther. 1987;67:917–20.
McLester CN, Nickerson BS, Kliszczewicz BM, Hicks CS, Williamson CM, Bechke EE, et al. Validity of dxa body volume equations in a four-compartment model for adults with varying body mass index and waist circumference classifications. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0206866.
Tinsley GM. Reliability and agreement between dxa-derived body volumes and their usage in 4-compartment body composition models produced from dxa and bia values. J Sports Sci. 2018;36:1235–40.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conception and design: MRE and MVF. Collection and assembly of data: KS, BH, CJH, and MVF. Data analysis and interpretation: KS, MRE, and MVF. Manuscript writing/revisions: KS, BH, CJH, MRE, and MVF. Final approval of manuscript: KS, BH, CJH, MRE, and MVF.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
MRE and MVF are co-inventors of the novel 2-dimensional image analysis system (US Utility Patent 16/841,944) which was developed as part of their ongoing research at the University of Alabama. Funding for the development of the 2-Dimensional Image Analysis Program, as well as for other laboratory equipment used in this study was provided by the University of Alabama. The University of Alabama is listed as the owner of the patent, where MRE and MVF were employed at the time of publication of this manuscript. MRE and MVF are co-owners of made Health and Fitness LLC, to which the patent is licensed for commercial use. The results of the current study do not constitute endorsement of the product by the authors. KS, BH, and CJH declare no potential conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sullivan, K., Hornikel, B., Holmes, C.J. et al. Validity of a 3-compartment body composition model using body volume derived from a novel 2-dimensional image analysis program. Eur J Clin Nutr 76, 111–118 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-021-00899-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-021-00899-1
This article is cited by
-
Mobile phone applications for 3-dimensional scanning and digital anthropometry: a precision comparison with traditional scanners
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2024)