Abstract
Background
Metabolic state (fed vs fasted) can result in marked differences in exercise metabolism, fat, and carbohydrate oxidation. In addition, a large inter-individual range in metabolic response to sitting and standing when fasted has been observed. Here, we examined the effect of metabolic state on the energy cost of posture allocation.
Methods
Thirty male participants were recruited and followed a 1 h sit-stand protocol in a fasted and fed state inside a whole body calorimeter to measure energy expenditure (EE) and respiratory quotient (RQ). Body composition and resting metabolic rate were measured before the start. Fasted EE response was used to phenotype participants as energy savers (≤5% ΔEE from sitting to standing) or energy spenders (>5% ΔEE).
Results
In a fasted state, ΔEE from sitting to standing in energy spenders was 10.2 ± 2.7% compared to 2.6 ± 1.9% in energy savers (p < 0.001). Postprandial, there was no difference in ΔEE between energy spenders and energy savers (10.8 ± 5.1% vs 9.4 ± 5.7%). In a fasted state, significant correlations were observed between body fat (%) and ΔEE (%) (R2 = 0.55, p < 0.001), body fat (%) and ΔRQ (R2 = 0.28, p < 0.001) and ΔEE (%) and ΔRQ (R2 = 0.43, p < 0.001); these correlations were not present after the meal.
Conclusions
The current study showed for the first time, that the observed difference between energy spenders and energy savers in a fasted state, disappeared after the consumption of a meal. Therefore, metabolic state may be important to consider when assessing metabolic phenotypes. Differences in body composition were observed between the energy spender and energy saver phenotype. The current findings may have implications on health and weight management recommendations on posture to increase non-exercise activity thermogenesis.
This trial was retrospectively registered on 19 December 2017 as NCT03378115 on Clinicaltrials.gov.
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Data availability
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the participants for their participation in this study.
Funding
This research was supported by the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and there was no additional external financial support.
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CJH and SGC conceived and designed the experiments; HRK and SGC performed the experiments; HRK and SGC analyzed the data; SGC wrote the paper; CJH reviewed the paper and had primary responsibility for the final content.
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The authors declare no competing interests. A*Star did not play a role in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data.
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Ethical approval for all procedures involving human participants was obtained from the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board (NHG DSRB). The research procedures and trial protocols were followed in accordance to the good clinical practice (GCP) guidelines and with the ethical standards in concordance to the Declaration of Helsinki, 1983. Written informed consent for participation was obtained from all eligible participants before commencement.
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Camps, S.G., Koh, H.R. & Henry, C.J. Posture economy: the importance of metabolic state on metabolic phenotype assessment and the energy cost of sitting and standing. A whole body calorimetry trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 76, 1178–1185 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-022-01077-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-022-01077-7
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