This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 8 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $32.38 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Data availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Jürgensen M, Rapp M, Döhnert U, Frielitz FS, Id- Orcid X, Ahmed F, et al. Assessing the health-related management of people with differences of sex. Endocrine. 2021;71:675–80.
Davis G. Contesting intersex the dubious diagnosis: NYU Press; 2015. 240 p.
Reis E. Bodies in doubt: an American history of intersex. (Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press; 2009).
Morris JM. The syndrome of testicular feminization in male pseudohermaphrodites. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1953;65:1192–211.
Conn J, Gillam L, Conway GS. Revealing the diagnosis of androgen insensitivity syndrome in adulthood. BMJ. 2005;331:628–30.
Griffiths DA. Shifting syndromes: sex chromosome variations and intersex classifications. Soc Stud Sci. 2018;48:125–48.
Islam R, Orcid ID, Lane S, Williams SA, Becker CM, Conway GS, et al. Establishing reproductive potential and advances in fertility preservation. Clin Endocrinol. 2019;91:237–44.
Argyle CE, Harper JC, Davies MC. - Oocyte cryopreservation: where are we now? Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22:440–9.
Hughes IA, Houk C, Ahmed SF, Lee PA. - Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. J Pediatr Urol. 2006;2:148–62.
Roen K. Intersex or diverse sex development: critical review of psychosocial health care. J Sex Res. 2019;56:511–28.
Sandberg DE, Callens N, Wisniewski AB. Disorders of Sex Development (DSD): networking and standardization considerations. Horm Metab Res. 2015;47:387–93.
Liao LM, Wood D, Creighton SM. Parental choice on normalising cosmetic genital surgery. BMJ. 2015;351:h5124.
Rahilly RO’. The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human reproductive. Annu Rev Sex Res. 1999;10:1–69.
Hughes IA. Disorders of sex development: a new definition and classification. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;22:119–34.
Pyle LC, Orcid ID, Nathanson KL. A practical guide for evaluating gonadal germ cell tumor predisposition in. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017;175:304–14.
Blackless M, Charuvastra A, Derryck A, Fausto-Sterling A, Lauzanne K, Lee E. How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis. Am J Hum Biol. 2000;12:151–66.
Wilson RC, Nimkarn S, Dumic M, Obeid J, Azar MR, Najmabadi H, et al. Ethnic-specific distribution of mutations in 716 patients with congenital adrenal. Mol Genet Metab. 2007;90:414–21.
Cools M, Orcid ID, Nordenström A, Robeva R, Hall J, Westerveld P, et al. Caring for individuals with a difference of sex development (DSD): a consensus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14:415–29.
Auchus RJ, Quint EH. Adolescents with Disorders of Sex Development (DSD)—lost in transition? Horm Metab Res. 2015;47:367–74.
Creighton S, Chernausek SD, Romao R, Ransley P, Salle JP. Timing and nature of reconstructive surgery for disorders of sex development. J Pediatr Urol. 2012;8:602–10.
Bennecke E, Bernstein S, Lee P, van de Grift TC, Nordenskjöld A, Rapp M, et al. Early genital surgery in disorders/differences of sex development: patients’. Arch Sex Behav. 2021;50:913–23.
Berglund A, Johannsen TH, Stochholm K, Viuff MH, Fedder J, Main KM, et al. Incidence, prevalence, diagnostic delay, and clinical presentation of female 46,XY. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:4532–40.
Brain CE, Creighton SM, Mushtaq I, Carmichael PA, Barnicoat A, Honour JW, et al. Holistic management of DSD. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24:335–54.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author declares no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Conway, G.S. Differences in Sex Development (DSD) and related conditions: mechanisms, prevalences and changing practice. Int J Impot Res 35, 46–50 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-022-00606-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-022-00606-z
This article is cited by
-
Child genital cutting and surgery across cultures, sex, and gender. Part 1: female, male, intersex—and trans? The difficulty of drawing distinctions
International Journal of Impotence Research (2023)
-
Medicalization of intersex and resistance: a commentary on Conway
International Journal of Impotence Research (2023)
-
Child genital cutting and surgery across cultures, sex, and gender. Part 2: assessing consent and medical necessity in “endosex” modifications
International Journal of Impotence Research (2023)
-
Genetic control of typical and atypical sex development
Nature Reviews Urology (2023)
-
From Intimate Exams to Ritual Nicking: Interpreting Nonconsensual Medicalized Genital Procedures as Sexual Boundary Violations
Current Sexual Health Reports (2023)