Abstract
Upon fertilization, drastic chromatin reorganization occurs during preimplantation development1. However, the global chromatin landscape and its molecular dynamics in this period remain largely unexplored in humans. Here we investigate chromatin states in human preimplantation development using an improved assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq)2. We find widespread accessible chromatin regions in early human embryos that overlap extensively with putative cis-regulatory sequences and transposable elements. Integrative analyses show both conservation and divergence in regulatory circuitry between human and mouse early development, and between human pluripotency in vivo and human embryonic stem cells. In addition, we find widespread open chromatin regions before zygotic genome activation (ZGA). The accessible chromatin loci are readily found at CpG-rich promoters. Unexpectedly, many others reside in distal regions that overlap with DNA hypomethylated domains in human oocytes and are enriched for transcription factor-binding sites. A large portion of these regions then become inaccessible after ZGA in a transcription-dependent manner. Notably, such extensive chromatin reorganization during ZGA is conserved in mice and correlates with the reprogramming of the non-canonical histone mark H3K4me3, which is uniquely linked to genome silencing3,4,5. Taken together, these data not only reveal a conserved principle that underlies the chromatin transition during mammalian ZGA, but also help to advance our understanding of epigenetic reprogramming during human early development and in vitro fertilization.
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Change history
20 June 2018
In this Letter, the ‘Open chromatin’ label in Fig. 4a should have been centred above the first three columns, and the black horizontal line underneath the label should have been removed. In addition, there should have been a vertical black line between the last two sets of panels for consistency. Minor changes have also been made to Fig. 1 and to the legend of Fig. 3. These errrors have been corrected online, and see Supplementary Information to the accompanying Amendment for the original Fig. 4.
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Acknowledgements
We appreciate the laboratory members’ comments during preparation of the manuscript. We are grateful for the animal core facility, the sequencing core facility, and biocomputing facility at Tsinghua University. This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC0900300 to W.X. and Y.S., 2017YFA0102802 to J.N.), the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB856201 to W.X.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31422031 and 31725018 to W.X., 31471404 to Y.S., 91740115 to J.N., and 31501205 to J.X.), and the THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences (W.X.). W.X. is a recipient of HHMI International Research Scholar.
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Nature thanks I. Hyun and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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Authors and Affiliations
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Y.S. and W.X. conceived and designed the project. J.W. and B.L. developed miniATAC–seq. B.L., J.W. and J.X. performed the ATAC–seq library construction and sequencing, J.X., W.N. and N.Z. performed RNA-seq library construction and sequencing. J.W. and B.L. analysed the data. G.Y., S.S., S.D. T.L. and X.Z. collected the human oocytes, sperm and 3PN embryos, and performed ICSI and ICM separation. J.X., S.S. and X.Z. performed α-amanitin treatment experiments. Y.G., L.H., W.S., H.J. and L.F. recruited the oocyte and sperm volunteers. P.W., Z.L., B.H. and J.M. performed the mouse embryo experiments. F.D. and X.W. provided primed and naive human ES cells. Q.W. and Y.L. performed NGS sequencing. W.L., J.N., Y.S. and W.X. supervised the project or various experiments. J.W., J.X., B.L. and W.X. wrote the manuscript with the help from all authors.
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Extended data figures and tables
Extended Data Fig. 1 Validation of miniATAC-seq.
a, UCSC browser view showing the ATAC-seq signals using various numbers of mouse ES cells. b, Scatter plots comparing the miniATAC-seq signals from various numbers of mouse ES cells with conventional ATAC-seq using 50,000 mouse ES cells. The Pearson correlation coefficients are also shown. c, Box plots showing the ATAC-seq enrichment for peaks from 50,000 mouse ES cells that are recaptured or missed by miniATAC-seq using lower numbers of mouse ES cells.
Extended Data Fig. 2 Validation of RNA-seq data in human early embryos.
a, Microscopy images of human 2PN and 3PN embryos at the zygote, two-cell, four-cell, eight-cell and blastocyst stages. ICSI was used to avoid the cumulus cell contamination. High-quality score embryos were selected for subsequent study (represented by magnified images). b, Heat maps showing gene expression levels for differentially expressed genes between human embryos of pre-lineage segregation and post-lineage specification44. Expression of ICMs in this study is also shown for two replicates. Epi, epiblast, PrE, primitive endoderm. c, Bar charts showing the Spearman correlation between the two replicates of RNA-seq samples. d, Hierarchical clustering of RNA-seq datasets from this study (using Smart-seq) and previous studies22,23 (using a different mRNA-seq method45). Pearson correlation was used to measure distances. Different colours represent various stages.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Validation of ATAC-seq data in human early embryos.
a, Scatter plots showing the ATAC-seq signals between replicates at each stage in human early development or between 2PN and 3PN embryos. b, UCSC browser view showing the landscape of accessible chromatin in replicates of human early embryos. c, Bar charts showing the genome coverages of ATAC-seq peaks of each stage or DNase-seq peaks for human ES cells (ENCODE). d, The overlap between ATAC-seq peaks and annotated promoters (TSS ± 0.5 kb) or distal DNase I hypersensitive sites in ES cells. A random set of peaks that match the lengths of individual ATAC-seq peaks were used as a control. e, UCSC browser views showing the ATAC-seq and RNA-seq enrichment near a representative gene. Open chromatin regions are shaded.
Extended Data Fig. 4 Relationship of chromatin accessibility and transcription in human early embryos.
a, Heat maps showing three classes of promoter accessibility (high, dynamic and low) for stage-specific genes (maternal genes excluded). CpG densities and H3K27me3 levels in human ES cells and fibroblasts (IMR90)46 are also shown. b, GO analysis results for gene classes in a. (The ‘low’ class does not have gene set enrichment with P < 10−2). c, Box plots showing promoter enrichment of H3K27me3 in human ES and IMR90 cells46 for each class in a. P values based on a one-sided t-test are shown. d, Scatter plots showing promoter ATAC-seq enrichment and gene expression (maternal genes excluded) for all genes (black) or genes with promoters of low (green), medium (blue), or high (red) CpG densities. Spearman correlation coefficients are shown.
Extended Data Fig. 5 Features of distal ATAC-seq peaks in human embryos.
a, Top, enrichment of repeats in ATAC-seq promoter and distal peaks compared to that in random peaks for early human embryos, human ES cells, and somatic cell types. The enrichment was calculated as a log2 ratio for the numbers of observed peaks that overlap with repeats divided by the numbers for random peaks. A random set of peaks that match the lengths of individual ATAC-seq peaks was used. Bottom, a similar analysis was performed for the enrichment of repeat subfamilies in distal peaks. b, Middle, heat maps showing the ATAC-seq signals for stage-specific distal ATAC-seq peaks in human embryos. Left, GREAT analysis40 results are also shown. Right, the expression of predicted targets among GREAT listed nearby genes for putative enhancers (distal peaks) (Methods) are shown for each stage. c, Bar charts showing the expression of TFAP2C in epiblast (EPI), primitive endoderm (PE) and trophectoderm (TE) lineages in human embryos from embryonic days 5–7 based on a previous study44. d, UCSC browser view showing the ATAC-seq signals around POU5F1 in human early embryos and ES cells (primed, naive 114 and naive 213). Human ES cell DNase-seq data (ENCODE) are shown as a control.
Extended Data Fig. 6 Transcription and chromatin states before major human ZGA.
a, Box plot showing the expression levels of two-cell specific (left) and eight-cell specific (right) genes in MII oocytes and embryos with or without α-amanitin treatment. P values based on a one-sided t-test are shown. b, The average ATAC-seq enrichment for each stage is shown at the promoters of stage specific genes at the same stage identified by mRNA-seq. Two-cell ATAC-seq enrichment for a random set of promoters were similarly analysed as a control. c, Heat maps showing expression levels of possible minor ZGA genes activated at the two-to-four-cell stage for their expression in germinal vesicle oocytes, MII oocytes, and two-to-four-cell embryos. Promoter ATAC-seq enrichment for two-to-four-cell stages and CpG densities are also shown. d, UCSC browser view showing the promoter ATAC-seq signals specifically appearing in two-cell embryos. e, Left, heat maps showing ATAC-seq enrichment at the accessible promoters present in both two- and eight-cell embryos, as well as those specific to each stage. Right, the human oocyte, blastocyst, sperm and ES cell DNA methylation levels around these promoters are also shown.
Extended Data Fig. 7 Accessible chromatin state in one-cell and four-cell human embryos.
a, UCSC browser view showing the ATAC-seq signals in human early embryos. b, Scatter plots showing the ATAC-seq signals between two-cell human embryos and 3PN one-cell, two-cell and four-cell embryos. c, Hierarchical clustering results showing the relationships of chromatin states among human embryos based on whole-genome ATAC-seq enrichment.
Extended Data Fig. 8 Characterization of two-cell distal open chromatin in human embryos.
a, Heat maps showing the ATAC-seq signals and CpG density for promoter and distal ATAC-seq peaks at the two-cell stage. b, Top, Venn diagram showing the overlap between two- and eight-cell distal ATAC-seq peaks. Bottom, motifs identified in two- and eight-cell embryo shared distal peaks as well as peaks specific for each stage are also shown. c, The enrichment of human ES cell H3K4me1 and H3K27ac marks47 around two-cell-specific distal peaks or two-to-eight-cell shared distal peaks is shown. A random set of peaks that match the lengths of individual two-cell-specific ATAC-seq peaks was used as a control. The upstream and downstream regions are 2 × peak lengths away from peak boundary. d, Bar chart showing the percentages of ATAC-seq peaks that overlap with oocyte PMDs for total peaks, peaks shared by various stages, or peaks specific for each stage. e, Heat maps showing the enrichment of ATAC-seq around the human oocyte PMDs in human early embryos and TBEs. The upstream and downstream regions are 1 × PMD length away from the PMD boundary. f, The average enrichment of ATAC-seq around the oocyte PMDs in human early embryos and TBEs. The upstream and downstream regions are 1 × PMD length away from the PMD boundary.
Extended Data Fig. 9 Accessible chromatin state in mouse oocytes and pre-ZGA embryos.
a, The expression of human KDM5B and mouse Kdm5b in oocytes, early embryos and ES cells. b, UCSC browser view showing DNA methylation levels (mC) in mouse sperm and oocyte, as well as open chromatin (DNase-seq or ATAC-seq) and H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 enrichment in mouse oocytes, zygotes and two-cell embryos. Mouse ES cell H3K4me3 signals are also shown to mark the promoter regions. c, Heat map showing the Spearman correlation between allelic DNase-seq and H3K4me3 signals in zygotes. M, maternal; P, paternal. d, UCSC browser view showing allelic DNase-seq, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 enrichment in the mouse zygote. The mouse ES cell H3K4me3 signal is also shown. Regions showing paternal open chromatin and H3K4me3 in zygotes are shaded.
Extended Data Fig. 10 Accessible chromatin state in mouse TBEs.
a, UCSC browser view showing DNA methylation levels in mouse sperm and oocyte, and ATAC-seq signals in normal mouse embryos as well as allelic ATAC-seq and H3K4me3 enrichment in TBE samples. Mouse ES cell H3K4me3 signals are also shown to mark the promoter regions. b, Hierarchical clustering results showing the relationships of allelic accessible chromatin states between zygotes, TBEs, and two- and eight-cell embryos in mouse. c, Heat map showing open chromatin regions that are unique to zygotes (DNase-seq) or 45 h control embryos (ATAC-seq). The ATAC-seq enrichment in TBE samples is then matched and shown. d, Heat map showing the Spearman correlation between allelic ATAC-seq and H3K4me3 signals in TBEs. e, Transcription factor motifs identified from distal DNase-seq and allelic distal ATAC-seq peaks are shown. Motifs shared by pre-ZGA and post-ZGA stages or are specific for post-ZGA stages are noted. For transcription factors that have multiple family members with similar motifs (KLF and GATA), the highest expression and motif enrichment among all family members at each stage are shown. A random set of peaks that match the lengths and number of zygote maternal peaks was used as a control. It is worth noting that the RNA levels of CTCF appear to decline in TBEs, presumably owing to RNA degradation during extended transcription inhibition.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Table 1
The mapping information for ATAC-seq and RNA-seq samples. The numbers of mapped and monoclonal reads for ATAC-seq and numbers of mapped and unique reads for RNA-seq are listed.
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Wu, J., Xu, J., Liu, B. et al. Chromatin analysis in human early development reveals epigenetic transition during ZGA. Nature 557, 256–260 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0080-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0080-8
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