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Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (green) of HEK cells (red plasma membrane). Golenbock and colleagues (p. 190) show that TLR9 translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum to lysosomal compartments for ligand binding and signal transduction. Three-color confocal image by Eicke Latz; stained glass by Lewis Long.
The “Immune Regulatory Networks” meeting in Boston gathered scientists with a passion for regulatory T cells to discuss the latest information on an increasingly important subject.
Stroma in tumors forms a barrier to immunity against cancer. New findings show that stimulating both stroma and T lymphocytes together leads to potent immunity against established tumors.
Stimulation of activated T cells enhances their susceptibility to Fas-mediated cell death by an unknown mechanism. New data show that the distribution of Fas into lipid rafts may be the important step.
CD1 presents lipids to unique subsets of T cells, but how are these lipids loaded onto CD1? A series of three papers has shed light on the molecules that facilitate this process.
The proteome universe may be best represented by the peptides caught by major histocompatibility complex proteins. Unusual peptides, such as the post-translationally spliced example seen by the authors of a recent Nature paper, would not be included in a protein world gleaned only from genomics.