This Review highlights how cryo-electron microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) functions. Specific examples are outlined that provide insights into GPCR biology and drug discovery in endocrinology and metabolism.

This Review summarizes cellular processes and regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), discussing evidence from in vivo preclinical and human studies. PTP1B inhibitors, which are being developed for type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, rare diseases (such as Rett syndrome) and some cancers, are also discussed.

This Review discusses the effect of antibiotic-induced perturbations of the gut microbiome on host metabolic health. The authors outline factors that might influence the response to antibiotic use and highlight prebiotic strategies that could improve microbial composition and modulate microbial recovery.

The skeleton is a metabolically active organ, with bone formation and maintenance relying on highly anabolic, nutrient-consuming processes. Here, the authors describe the current understanding of fuel selection and intermediary metabolic pathways in bone cells during bone formation and discuss how metabolic dysfunction can contribute to skeletal disease.

The First International Congress on Head and Neck Paragangliomas in 2023 launched a global initiative directed towards improving the management of head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs), including prevention, treatment and research. The Congress highlighted a lack of international evidence-based consensuses and guidelines for HNPGLs. The Congress will now convene triennially to foster personalized medicine and research to advance patient care.

Daily levothyroxine (LT₄) is the standard of care for the treatment of hypothyroidism; however, a small number of patients experience residual symptoms of hypothyroidism. Guidelines indicate that a trial with LT₄ and liothyronine (LT₃) could be attempted once other conditions have been addressed or excluded. Even so, currently, treatment of hypothyroidism can still be suboptimal.

Alzheimer disease has a sex bias: women are twice as likely as men to be affected. Studies have linked elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels to worsened Alzheimer disease pathology and cognitive decline in mice. Exploring the interaction of FSH with APOE4 has uncovered new aspects of Alzheimer disease. The therapeutic potential of FSH and gonadotropin-releasing hormone have also been highlighted.