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Exciting new studies have uncovered many of the molecules and cell types that contribute to 'type 2' immune responses. Here, Judith Allen and Rick Maizels discuss how these responses are generated and provide protective immunity during helminth infection.
Mitochondria are emerging as important players in innate immunity: they act as signalling platforms for antiviral molecules, produce reactive oxygen species that influence both antiviral and antibacterial immune responses and are a source of factors that initiate sterile inflammation.
It is well appreciated that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors have important roles in controlling lymphocyte migration. This Review discusses the emerging evidence that S1P is involved in other immune responses and considers the clinical implications of this.
Integrins are molecules with dynamic structure that are expressed by all leukocytes. This Review discusses the current knowledge on how these surface molecules integrate intracellular and environmental signals and modify their structure, thereby contributing to the activation and migration of T cells.
Erica Herzog and colleagues put forward the opinion that fibrocytes, a little-studied population of monocyte-derived cells that have properties of both macrophages and fibroblasts, have unique roles in chronic inflammation that warrant further study.