Neurofilaments have been validated as specific body fluid biomarkers of neuro-axonal injury. In this Review, Khalil and colleagues provide an update on the structure and function of neurofilaments, analytical approaches and challenges in different clinical contexts, and progress towards clinical application of neurofilaments as a biomarker in various neurological disorders.

Nature Reviews Neurology is interviewing individuals who are driving efforts to address disparities in neurology through a broad spectrum of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives. We spoke with neurosurgeon Sonia Mejía Pérez from Mexico about her work to address gaps in hospital care for individuals from minority groups, such as LGBT+ people.

Nature Reviews Neurology is interviewing individuals who are driving efforts to address disparities in neurology through a broad spectrum of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives. We spoke with stroke neurologist Nirali Vora from the USA about her work to build neurology capacity in low and middle-income countries.

Here, Sven Bölte and colleagues consider the effects of sex and gender on neurodevelopmental conditions. They discuss the available epidemiological, behavioural, neurobiological and endocrinological evidence and highlight the importance of further research in this area.

Two new studies show that clearance of waste, including pathogenic amyloid, through the glymphatic system is driven by synchronized neuronal activity.

Nature Reviews Neurology is interviewing individuals who are driving efforts to address disparities in neurology through a broad spectrum of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives. We spoke with neurosurgeon Sonia Mejía Pérez from Mexico about her work to address gaps in hospital care for individuals from minority groups, such as LGBT+ people.

Findings of phase III trials of the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor evobrutinib in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis were recently presented at the ACTRIMS Forum.

New data recently reported at the ACTRIMS Forum add to growing evidence of an aetiological role for Epstein–Barr virus infection in multiple sclerosis.

This month, Nature Reviews Neurology launches a Series to highlight the importance of diversity, equity and inclusion in the neurology community and in neurological care to address health disparities and thereby to improve global brain health.

Nature Reviews Neurology is interviewing individuals who are driving efforts to address disparities in neurology through a broad spectrum of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives. We spoke with stroke neurologist Nirali Vora from the USA about her work to build neurology capacity in low and middle-income countries.