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Bacteria make protein toxins to compete with other bacteria in microbial communities. A study of a common soil bacterium has revealed a previously unknown type of antibacterial toxin that forms a striking umbrella-like structure.
The NF-kB pathway is strictly regulated to prevent excessive inflammatory and immune responses. Here, Li et al. describe an alternative pathway of negative regulation of p65- driven gene expression.
This study shows that normal microbial exposure increases inflammation and CD8+ T cell exhaustion and leads to mortality in old mice; it also shows that anti-PD1 antibody treatment restores survival and increases CD8+ cytotoxic capacity, without altering inflammation.
Researchers deliberately infect participants with SARS-CoV-2 in ‘challenge’ trials — but high levels of immunity complicate efforts to test vaccines and treatments.
Bacteria make protein toxins to compete with other bacteria in microbial communities. A study of a common soil bacterium has revealed a previously unknown type of antibacterial toxin that forms a striking umbrella-like structure.