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| Open AccessSpecific exercise patterns generate an epigenetic molecular memory window that drives long-term memory formation and identifies ACVR1C as a bidirectional regulator of memory in mice
Exercise has beneficial effects on cognition. Here, authors utilize an exercise model to show ACVR1C to be an essential bidirectional regulator of memory and synaptic plasticity in adult, aging and 5xFAD mice beyond the context of exercise.
- Ashley A. Keiser
- , Tri N. Dong
- & Marcelo A. Wood
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| Open AccessA sparse quantized hopfield network for online-continual memory
Brains and neuromorphic systems learn with local learning rules in online-continual learning scenarios. Designing neural networks that learn effectively under these conditions is challenging. The authors introduce a neural network that implements an effective, principled approach to local, online-continual learning on associative memory tasks.
- Nicholas Alonso
- & Jeffrey L. Krichmar
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| Open AccessAltered grid-like coding in early blind people
The contribution of visual experience to the formation of cognitive maps in humans is not well understood. Here, the authors show using fMRI and an imagined navigation paradigm, that sighted people display hexagonal grid-like neural coding, while blind people show neural representations consistent with a square grid.
- Federica Sigismondi
- , Yangwen Xu
- & Roberto Bottini
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| Open AccessIntracellular magnesium optimizes transmission efficiency and plasticity of hippocampal synapses by reconfiguring their connectivity
How synapses at dendrites are organized to optimize information processing remains elusive. Here, the authors found that intracellular magnesium optimizes transmission, plasticity, and coding capacity of synapses by reconfiguring their connectivity at dendrites.
- Hang Zhou
- , Guo-Qiang Bi
- & Guosong Liu
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Article
| Open AccessA hippocampus-accumbens code guides goal-directed appetitive behavior
The dorsal hippocampus plays an important role for spatial memory, but how its outputs guide behavior is not fully understood. Here, the authors show that nucleus accumbens-specific hippocampal projection neurons carry a highly conjunctive code of spatial and action information that directs spatial reward memory-guided appetitive behaviors.
- Oliver Barnstedt
- , Petra Mocellin
- & Stefan Remy
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| Open AccessEEG decoders track memory dynamics
Successful memorization could be decoded from brain activity. Here the authors decode human memory success from EEG recordings, suggesting memory is linked to context.
- Yuxuan Li
- , Jesse K. Pazdera
- & Michael J. Kahana
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Article
| Open AccessReplication study on the role of dopamine-dependent prefrontal reactivations in human extinction memory retrieval
Dopamine may help strengthen fear-inhibitory extinction memories through influences on the prefrontal cortex. Here, the authors replicate their previous finding that prefrontal reactivations are predictive of extinction memory retrieval but do not replicate the enhancing effects of L-DOPA.
- Elena Andres
- , Hu Chuan-Peng
- & Raffael Kalisch
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| Open AccessSynaptically-targeted long non-coding RNA SLAMR promotes structural plasticity by increasing translation and CaMKII activity
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) function in many processes yet their participation in learning is largely unknown. Here, we identify and characterize the lncRNA SLAMR, which is recruited to stimulated synapses to mediate structural plasticity during experience and fear memory consolidation.
- Isabel Espadas
- , Jenna L. Wingfield
- & Sathyanarayanan Puthanveettil
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Article
| Open AccessContext memory formed in medial prefrontal cortex during infancy enhances learning in adulthood
Early life experience contributes to behaviour in later life. Here the authors show in rats, that the infant brain, during a critical period, forms lasting memories of the spatial context of experiences; in adulthood, these memories involving medial prefrontal cortex improve spatial abilities in similar contexts.
- María P. Contreras
- , Marta Mendez
- & Marion Inostroza
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Article
| Open AccessDistributed neural representations of conditioned threat in the human brain
Discriminating threat from safety is critical for humans to navigate their environment. Here, the authors show that neural representations of threat and safety are distributed across brain systems that are robustly decoded across threat paradigms.
- Zhenfu Wen
- , Edward F. Pace-Schott
- & Mohammed R. Milad
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| Open AccessSilencing CA1 pyramidal cells output reveals the role of feedback inhibition in hippocampal oscillations
Current approaches possibly cannot unambiguously distinguish the unique contributions of feedback inhibition versus feedforward inhibition to oscillatory events. Here authors show that a loss of CA1 pyramidal cell transmission, resulting in feedback inhibition reduction, leads to spatially triggered high-frequency oscillatory events; these events were like place cells in their spatial extent and localized to small regions in CA1.
- Chinnakkaruppan Adaikkan
- , Justin Joseph
- & Thomas J. McHugh
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Article
| Open AccessActivity-dependent compartmentalization of dendritic mitochondria morphology through local regulation of fusion-fission balance in neurons in vivo
The mechanisms regulating mitochondrial architecture in neurons remain unclear. The authors report that in dendrites, mitochondria structure is specified by the CAMKK2-AMPK pathway through compartment-specific and activity-dependent levels of fission.
- Daniel M. Virga
- , Stevie Hamilton
- & Tommy L. Lewis Jr
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Article
| Open AccessGamma oscillatory complexity conveys behavioral information in hippocampal networks
Specific gamma frequency oscillations are supposed to differentially route information within the hippocampal formation. Here, the authors show that while hippocampal gamma oscillations are more diverse than previously reported, this variability is modulated by behavior and learning.
- Vincent Douchamps
- , Matteo di Volo
- & Romain Goutagny
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Article
| Open AccessT-DOpE probes reveal sensitivity of hippocampal oscillations to cannabinoids in behaving mice
Neural activity is regulated by synapse-neuromodulator interactions, necessitating optoelectro-pharmacological investigations. Here, authors implement their multi-modal probe to show focal infusion of synthetic cannabinoid disrupts CA1 oscillations.
- Jongwoon Kim
- , Hengji Huang
- & Xiaoting Jia
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Article
| Open AccessA consistent map in the medial entorhinal cortex supports spatial memory
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is hypothesized to function as a cognitive map for memory-guided navigation. Here, the authors demonstrate that the establishment of a spatially consistent MEC map across learning correlates with, and is necessary for, successful spatial memory.
- Taylor J. Malone
- , Nai-Wen Tien
- & Yi Gu
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Article
| Open AccessEnvironment geometry alters subiculum boundary vector cell receptive fields in adulthood and early development
How neural responses to boundaries develop in the subiculum remains unknown. Here authors show that the receptive fields of Boundary Vector Cells (neurons signalling vector displacement to boundaries) are altered by environment geometry, with directional tunings aligning with square arena walls, including during development.
- Laurenz Muessig
- , Fabio Ribeiro Rodrigues
- & Thomas J. Wills
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| Open AccessEarly excitatory-inhibitory cortical modifications following skill learning are associated with motor memory consolidation and plasticity overnight
The role neurochemistry plays in encoding newly-acquired motor skills remains unclear. Here, the authors use multimodal imaging to show that early inhibitory and excitatory changes promote overnight behavioral, structural, and connectivity-related gains.
- Tamir Eisenstein
- , Edna Furman-Haran
- & Assaf Tal
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Article
| Open AccessUsing deep learning to quantify neuronal activation from single-cell and spatial transcriptomic data
Neuronal activity is associated with transcriptional changes. Here, the authors present a deep learning model that integrates single cell transcriptomic signals to estimate neuronal activation.
- Ethan Bahl
- , Snehajyoti Chatterjee
- & Jacob J. Michaelson
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| Open AccessA developmental increase of inhibition promotes the emergence of hippocampal ripples
The developmental trajectory of hippocampal ripples, the electrical signature of long term memory storage, is poorly understood. Here, the authors show that their delayed appearance is mechanistically linked to the maturation of inhibition.
- Irina Pochinok
- , Tristan M. Stöber
- & Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz
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| Open AccessSubfield-specific interneuron circuits govern the hippocampal response to novelty in male mice
Hippocampal GABAergic neurons are thought to play a role in processing memories. Here, the authors show that functions of parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons in mice depend on novelty and differ between hippocampal subfields.
- Thomas Hainmueller
- , Aurore Cazala
- & Marlene Bartos
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| Open AccessLatent representations in hippocampal network model co-evolve with behavioral exploration of task structure
How mechanisms of single-cell plasticity lead to task-dependent cognitive maps remains unclear. Here, the authors show that this model of hippocampus shows that cooperation between local plasticity and reinforcement learning of behavior can lead to task-specific latent representations.
- Ian Cone
- & Claudia Clopath
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| Open AccessDistinguishing examples while building concepts in hippocampal and artificial networks
While the hippocampus is well-known to store specific memories, it can also learn common features that are shared across individual memories. Here, the authors show how this ability arises from dual input pathways and how it can inspire better machine learning methods.
- Louis Kang
- & Taro Toyoizumi
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| Open AccessFunctional neuronal circuits emerge in the absence of developmental activity
How functional neuronal circuits are established during development is not fully understood. Here the authors show, by raising fish in the dark and under anesthesia, that brain activity is not needed for the development of complex, decision-making circuits.
- Dániel L. Barabási
- , Gregor F. P. Schuhknecht
- & Florian Engert
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Article
| Open AccessAwake ripples enhance emotional memory encoding in the human brain
The neural dynamics of emotional memory consolidation are not well understood. Here, the authors analyse intracranial recordings from human participants after emotional memory encoding, showing that ripple-locked activity in the amygdala and hippocampus is predictive of subsequent memory.
- Haoxin Zhang
- , Ivan Skelin
- & Jack J. Lin
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Article
| Open AccessDopamine release in human associative striatum during reversal learning
Dopamine release in the brain is hypothesised to be related to unexpected changes in reward. Here, the authors combine PET and fMRI in humans to show individual differences in reward prediction error during a card guessing game are associated with dopamine receptor occupancy in the striatum.
- Filip Grill
- , Marc Guitart-Masip
- & Anna Rieckmann
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Article
| Open AccessTheta mediated dynamics of human hippocampal-neocortical learning systems in memory formation and retrieval
How brain regions communicate to support the learning and recall of rich memories is not fully understood. Using recordings of electrical activity deep within the brains of human patients, the authors discovered a role for the theta rhythm in allowing this bidirectional dialogue across brain regions to happen.
- Sandra Gattas
- , Myra Sarai Larson
- & Michael A. Yassa
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| Open AccessHypothalamic CRH neurons represent physiological memory of positive and negative experience
How physiological memories are encoded is not fully understood. Here the authors show how physiological memories of aversive and appetitive experience are represented by corticotropin-releasing hormone synthesizing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and demonstrate that behavioral readouts may not accurately reflect physiological changes invoked by the memory of salient experiences.
- Tamás Füzesi
- , Neilen P. Rasiah
- & Jaideep S. Bains
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Article
| Open AccessRespiration modulates sleep oscillations and memory reactivation in humans
The memory function of sleep relies on the coordination of slow oscillations and spindles. Here the authors show that respiration is associated with the emergence and interplay of these sleep rhythms, and that this coupling is linked to memory reactivation.
- Thomas Schreiner
- , Marit Petzka
- & Bernhard P. Staresina
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| Open AccessCA3 hippocampal synaptic plasticity supports ripple physiology during memory consolidation
Memory consolidation requires hippocampal ripples. Here the authors show that AMPA receptor mobilisation at CA3 recurrent synapses is required for ripple-dependent rule consolidation.
- Hajer El Oussini
- , Chun-Lei Zhang
- & Yann Humeau
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| Open AccessStatic and dynamic coding in distinct cell types during associative learning in the prefrontal cortex
Task-related information in prefrontal cortex is maintained through a heterogeneous population code. The authors show that, during associative learning, the coding scheme in interneurons switches from dynamic to static, while static coding persists in pyramidal cells.
- Francesco Ceccarelli
- , Lorenzo Ferrucci
- & Aldo Genovesio
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| Open AccessThe role of experience in prioritizing hippocampal replay
While memory consolidation involves repeated reactivation of past memory traces, it is not fully understood how the brain prioritizes memories for long-term storage during sleep. Here the authors recorded from hippocampal place cells in rats, and find that a novel experience with a longer duration is prioritized for consolidation.
- Marta Huelin Gorriz
- , Masahiro Takigawa
- & Daniel Bendor
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Article
| Open AccessThe amygdala is not necessary for the familiarity aspect of recognition memory
It has been proposed that the amygdala is required for the familiarity aspect of item recognition. By studying the performance of monkeys with selective amygdala lesions on four converging memory paradigms, the authors demonstrate that the amygdala is not necessary for familiarity memory, but confirm its role in reward processing.
- Benjamin M. Basile
- , Vincent D. Costa
- & Elisabeth A. Murray
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Article
| Open AccessHolistic bursting cells store long-term memory in auditory cortex
Previous work has identified cells in L2/3 of auditory cortex which strongly respond with bursting to a specific learned chord, but not to single component tones in an auditory task. Here the authors show that these cells correlate with the behavioral relevance of the learned composite sounds.
- Ruijie Li
- , Junjie Huang
- & Hongbo Jia
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Article
| Open AccessNeural substrates of parallel devaluation-sensitive and devaluation-insensitive Pavlovian learning in humans
This study shows evidence for multiple and distinct associative mechanisms involved in human Pavlovian learning, identifying putative neural correlates for the parallel expression of both devaluation sensitive and insensitive Pavlovian behaviors.
- Eva R. Pool
- , Wolfgang M. Pauli
- & John P. O’Doherty
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| Open AccessCortical reactivation of spatial and non-spatial features coordinates with hippocampus to form a memory dialogue
The mechanisms of episodic memory are not well understood. Here, the authors show that the reactivation of non-spatial information precedes the reactivation of spatial information, and that both are correlated with hippocampal sharp-wave ripples.
- HaoRan Chang
- , Ingrid M. Esteves
- & Bruce L. McNaughton
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Article
| Open AccessFear extinction is regulated by the activity of long noncoding RNAs at the synapse
Synaptic activity controls the extinction of conditioned fear. Here the authors discovered a new way that the brain controls memories of fear: a long noncoding RNA called Gas5 that coordinates the activity of RNA granules in the synaptic compartment.
- Wei-Siang Liau
- , Qiongyi Zhao
- & Timothy W. Bredy
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| Open AccessBehavioral representational similarity analysis reveals how episodic learning is influenced by and reshapes semantic memory
Pre-existing semantic knowledge provides an organizational structure for episodic memories. Here, the authors show that episodic learning systematically shapes this semantic space depending on how learners engage with material and the strength of prior associations.
- Catherine R. Walsh
- & Jesse Rissman
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Article
| Open AccessHippocampal firing fields anchored to a moving object predict homing direction during path-integration-based behavior
The hippocampus contributes to path integration, but the firing patterns supporting this function are unknown. Here, the authors found that the activity of hippocampal neurons during a path integration task predicted the animal’s homing direction.
- Maryam Najafian Jazi
- , Adrian Tymorek
- & Kevin Allen
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| Open AccessFunctional alterations of the prefrontal circuit underlying cognitive aging in mice
The neural mechanisms underlying the effects of aging on executive functioning remain unclear. Here, the authors show neurons in the young mouse medial prefrontal cortex show cross-modal memory coding, however this declines in middle and old age, along with resting state functional connectivity in the region.
- Huee Ru Chong
- , Yadollah Ranjbar-Slamloo
- & Tsukasa Kamigaki
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Article
| Open AccessForgotten memory storage and retrieval in Drosophila
In fly, one-cycle aversive conditioning-induced choice bias decays in 24 h. Here, authors found the memory of one-cycle aversive conditioning remains in the brain, between KCab and MBON-a3, and is retrievable by a second mild retraining.
- Chih-Ming Wang
- , Chun-Yuan Wu
- & Hsueh-Cheng Chiang
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Article
| Open AccessStriatum-projecting prefrontal cortex neurons support working memory maintenance
Lesions of dorsomedial, but not dorsolateral, striatum are associated with working memory impairments. Here, the authors investigate the role of a projection from medial prefrontal cortex to dorsomedial striatum in the maintenance of information during a working memory task in mice.
- Maria Wilhelm
- , Yaroslav Sych
- & Fritjof Helmchen
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| Open AccessEmergence of cortical network motifs for short-term memory during learning
How learning refines the coordinated activitity of neurons across multiple regions of the mouse cortex remains unclear. Here, the authors identified the emergence of cortical subnetworks during learning of a sensorimotor task.
- Xin Wei Chia
- , Jian Kwang Tan
- & Hiroshi Makino
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Article
| Open AccessAversive stimulus-tuned responses in the CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus
How fearful events are represented in the hippocampus remains unclear. Here, the authors describe aversive stimulus-triggered single neuron and population responses as well as alterations of the spatial code in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region.
- Albert M. Barth
- , Marta Jelitai
- & Viktor Varga
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Article
| Open AccessA thalamic-hippocampal CA1 signal for contextual fear memory suppression, extinction, and discrimination
The role of the Nucleus Reuniens (NR)-CA1 pathway in contextual fear conditioning remains unknown. Here, the authors show that the NR-CA1 pathway transmits a signal that actively suppresses fear memory retrieval in CA1 during fearful behavior.
- Heather C. Ratigan
- , Seetha Krishnan
- & Mark E. J. Sheffield
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Article
| Open AccessDynamic neural representations of memory and space during human ambulatory navigation
Here the authors show in freely moving human participants that deep brain oscillations in the medial temporal lobe flexibly encode both memory and spatial information, depending on the current cognitive task demands.
- Sabrina L. L. Maoz
- , Matthias Stangl
- & Nanthia Suthana
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Article
| Open AccessAmerican crows that excel at tool use activate neural circuits distinct from less talented individuals
What’s happening inside a crow’s brain when it thinks about using a tool? Here the authors show that it depends on experience. Naïve crows activate sensory and higher-order processing centers, but experienced crows instead use motor learning and tactile control circuits.
- LomaJohn T. Pendergraft
- , John M. Marzluff
- & Christopher N. Templeton
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Article
| Open AccessThalamic nucleus reuniens coordinates prefrontal-hippocampal synchrony to suppress extinguished fear
The thalamic nucleus reuniens coordinates oscillations between the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex during emotional memory retrieval. Here the authors show that theta-paced optogenetic stimulation of this network can suppress the retrieval of aversive memories and prevent fear relapse after extinction.
- Michael S. Totty
- , Tuğçe Tuna
- & Stephen Maren
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Article
| Open AccessDynamic emotional states shape the episodic structure of memory
Changes in people’s external environments lead to the segmentation of experience into discrete memories, or episodes. Here, the authors show that dynamic fluctuations in internal states, namely musically elicited emotions, also shape the episodic structure of memories.
- Mason McClay
- , Matthew E. Sachs
- & David Clewett
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Article
| Open AccessOligodendrocyte dynamics dictate cognitive performance outcomes of working memory training in mice
How and to what extent oligodendrocytes (OLs) contribute to learning and cognition is not well understood. Here, the authors show that the performance of mice in working memory-dependent cognitive tasks depends on OL genesis and is proportional to the number of OL precursors and OLs generated during training.
- Takahiro Shimizu
- , Stuart G. Nayar
- & William D. Richardson