Abstract
The continuous production of the CXC ligand 1 (CXCL1) chemokine by melanoma cells is a major effector of tumor growth. We have previously shown that the constitutive expression of this chemokine is dependent upon transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), stimulating protein-1 (SP1), high-mobility group-I/Y (HMGI/Y), CAAT displacement protein (CDP) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of CXCL1 through PARP-1 in melanoma cells. In its inactive state, PARP-1 binds to the CXCL1 promoter in a sequence-specific manner and prevents binding of NF-κB (p65/p50) to its element. However, activation of the PARP-1 enzymatic activity enhances CXCL1 expression, owing to the loss of PARP-1 binding to the CXCL1 promoter, accompanied by enhanced binding of p65 to the promoter. The delineation of the role of NF-κB-interacting factors in the putative CXCL1 enhanceosome will provide key information in developing strategies to block constitutive expression of this and other chemokines in cancer and to develop targeted therapy.
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Abbreviations
- 3-AB:
-
3-aminobenzamide
- ADP:
-
adenosine diphosphate
- 5-AIQ:
-
5-aminoisoquinolinone.HCl
- BSA:
-
bovine serum albumin
- ChIP:
-
chromatin immunoprecipitation
- CXCL1:
-
CXC ligand 1
- DMEM:
-
Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DTT:
-
dithiothreitol
- EDTA:
-
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EMSA:
-
electrophoretic mobility shift assay
- FBS:
-
fetal bovine serum
- HMGI/Y:
-
high-mobility group-I/Y
- HMGS:
-
human melanocyte growth supplement
- IgG:
-
immunoglobulin G
- IUR:
-
immediate upstream region
- NAD+:
-
β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NF-κB:
-
nuclear factor-kappa B
- NHEM:
-
normal human epidermal melanocyte
- PAGE:
-
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PARP-1:
-
poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1
- PCR:
-
polymerase chain reaction
- SDS:
-
sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SFM:
-
serum-free media
- SP1:
-
stimulating protein-1
- ssDNA:
-
single-stranded DNA
- WT:
-
wild type
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health (NIH-CA-56704, AR), the VA Merit Award (AR), in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute (PO1CA-74175, MES) and the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF-FA9550-04-1-0395, MES).
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Amiri, K., Ha, H., Smulson, M. et al. Differential regulation of CXC ligand 1 transcription in melanoma cell lines by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Oncogene 25, 7714–7722 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209751
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209751
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