Abstract
The statin family of drugs target HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, and have been used successfully in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia for the past 15 years. Experimental evidence suggests this key biochemical pathway holds an important role in the carcinogenic process. Moreover, statin administration in vivo can provide an oncoprotective effect. Indeed, in vitro studies have shown the statins can trigger cells of certain tumor types, such as acute myelogenous leukemia, to undergo apoptosis in a sensitive and specific manner. Mechanistic studies show bcl-2 expression is down-regulated in transformed cells undergoing apoptosis in response to statin exposure. In addition, the apoptotic response is in part due to the depletion of the downstream product geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, but not farnesyl pyrophosphate or other products of the mevalonate pathway including cholesterol. Clinically, preliminary phase I clinical trials have shown the achievable plasma concentration corresponds to the dose range that can trigger apoptosis of tumor types in vitro. Moreover, little toxicity was evident in vivo even at high concentrations. Clearly, additional clinical trials are warranted to further assess the safety and efficacy of statins as novel and immediately available anti-cancer agents. In this article, the experimental evidence supporting a role for the statin family of drugs to this new application will be reviewed.
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Mevacor (Lovastatin, MSD); Merck, Sharp and Dohme, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Zocor (Simvastatin, MSD); Merck, Sharp and Dohme, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Pravachol (Pravastatin sodium, MSD); Bristol Meyers Squibb, Princelton, NJ, USA
Lescol (Fluvastatin sodium, MSD); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
Lipitor (Atorvastatin calcium, MSD); Parke-Davis, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Baycol/Lipobay (Cerivastatin sodium, MSD); Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank our colleagues who generously contributed data prior to publication. We also thank the Penn Lab for critical review of the manuscript. We apologize to those whose contributions have not been cited due to space constraints. Support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (formerly the Medical Research Council of Canada) for an operating grant (LZP), doctoral research award (WWW) and postdoctoral fellowship (JD) and the Leukemia Lymphoma Society (formerly the Leukemia Society of America) for a translational research program grant (LZP and MDM) is gratefully acknowledged.
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Wong, WL., Dimitroulakos, J., Minden, M. et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the malignant cell: the statin family of drugs as triggers of tumor-specific apoptosis. Leukemia 16, 508–519 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2402476
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2402476
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