Abstract
The existence of an island of relatively stable elements beyond the present Periodic Table has been predicted by theoretical extrapolations of nuclear properties. During the past 12 years vigorous efforts have been made to discover these superheavy elements in nature and to produce them by nuclear reactions.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 51 print issues and online access
$199.00 per year
only $3.90 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wheeler, J. A. Proc. Int. Conf. Peaceful Uses Atomic Energy Vol. 2, 155 (United Nations, New York, 1966).
Scharff-Goldhaber, G. Nucleonics 15, 122 (1957).
Werner, F. G. & Wheeler, J. A. Phys. Rev. 109, 126 (1958).
Myers, W. D. & Swiatecki, W. J. Nucl. Phys. 81, 1 (1966).
Meldner, H. Arkiv Fysik 36, 593 (1967).
Nilsson, S. G. et al. Nucl. Phys. A 115, 545 (1968).
Nilsson, S. G. et al. Nucl. Phys. A 131, 1 (1969).
Mosel, U. & Greiner, W. Z. Physik 222, 261 (1969).
Thompson, S. G., Gatti, R. C., Moretto, L. G., Bowman, H. R. & Michel, M. C. Univ. California Radiation Lab. Berkeley Rep. UCRL-18667, 277 (1969).
Nilsson, S. G., Thompson, S. G. & Tsang, G. F. Phys. Lett. 28 B, 458 (1969).
Flerov, G. N. & Perelygin, V. P. Atomn. Energiya 26, 520 (1969); Sov. J. Atom. En. 26, 603 (1969).
Bowman, H. R. et al. Univ. California Radiation Lab. Berkeley Rep. UCRL-17989, 147 (1968).
Bemis, C. E. & Nix, J. R. Commt. Nucl. Part. Phys. 7, 65 (1977).
Herrmann, G. Int. Rev. Sci. inorg. Chem., Ser. 2, Vol. 8, (ed. Maddock, A. G.) 221 (Butterworth, London, 1975).
Nilsson, S. G. & Nilsson, N. R. (eds) Phys. Scr. 10 A (1974).
Lodhi, M. A. K. (ed.) Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Nix, J. R. A. Rev. nucl. Sci. 22, 65 (1972).
Nilsson, S. G. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 237 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Fiset, E. O. & Nix, J. R. Nucl. Phys. A 193, 647 (1972).
Socicewski, A. Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 274 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Randrup, J., Larsson, D. E., Möller, P., Sobiczewski, A. & Lukasiak, A. Phys. Scr. 10 A, 60 (1974).
Gentry, R. V. et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 11 (1976).
Brack, M., Quentin, P. & Vautherin, D. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 309 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Kolb, D. Z. Phys. A 280, 143 (1977).
Moretto, L. G. Nucl. Phys. A 180, 337 (1972).
Mustafa, M. G. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 284 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Nix, J. R. Phys. Lett. 30 B, 1 (1969).
Schmitt, H. W. & Mosel, U. Nucl. Phys. A 186, 1 (1972).
Hoffman, D. C. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 89 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Fricke, B. Structure Bonding 21, 89 (1975).
Keller, O. L. & Seaborg, G. T. A. Rev. nucl. Sci. 27, 139 (1977).
Eichler, B. J. Kernenergie 19, 307 (1976) 35, 4001 (1973).
Pitzer, K. S. J. chem. Phys. 63, 1032 (1975).
Kratz, J. V., Liljenzin, J. O. & Seaborg, G. T. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 10, 951 (1974).
Herrmann, G. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 24 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Carlson, T. A. & Nestor, C. W. Atomic Nucl. Data Tables 19, 153 (1977).
Scofield, J. H. Atomic Nucl. Data Tables 14, 121 (1974).
Harvey, B. G. et al. Science 193, 1271 (1976).
Schramm, D. N. & Fiset, E. O. Astrophys. J. 180, 551 (1973).
Howard, W. M. & Nix, J. R. Nature 247, 17 (1974).
Mathews, G. J. & Viola, V. E. Nature 261, 382 (1976).
Herrmann, G. in Phys. Scr. 10 A, 71 (1974).
McMinn, J., Ihle, H. R. & Wagner, R. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 139, 175 (1976).
Flerov, G. N. et al. Z. Phys. (submitted).
Anders, E. & Heymann, D. Science 164, 821 (1969).
Anders, E. & Larimer, J. W. Science 175, 981 (1972).
Lewis, R. S., Srinivasan, B. & Anders, E. Science 190, 1251 (1975).
Anders, E., Higuchi, H., Gros, J., Takahashi, H. & Morgan, J. W. Science 190, 1262 (1975).
Manuel, O. K. & Sabu, D. D. Science 195, 208 (1977).
Frick, U. & Moniot, R. K. Proc. 8th Lunar Sci. Conf., 229 (1977).
Ballad, R. V., Oliver, L. L., Downing, R. G. & Manuel, O. K. Nature 277, 615 (1979).
Steinberg, E. P. & Wilkins, B. D. Astrophys. J. 223, 1000 (1978).
Popeko, A. G., Skobelev, N. K., Ter-Akopyan, G. M. & Goncharov, G. N. Phys. Lett. 52 B, 417 (1974).
Flerov, G. N., Ter-Akopyan, G. M., Popeko, A. G., Fefilov, B. V. & Subbotin, V. G. Yad. Fiz. 26, 449 (1977); Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 26, 237 (1977).
Popeko, A. G. & Ter-Akopyan, G. M. Yad. Fiz. 29, 604 (1979).
Zvara, I. et al. Yad. Fiz. 26, 455 (1977); Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 26, 240 (1977).
Gentry, R. V. A. Rev. nucl. Sci. 23, 347 (1973).
Bosch, F. et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 1515 (1976); Z. Phys. A 280, 39 (1977).
Wölfli, W. et al. J. Phys. G 3, L33 (1977).
Sparks, C. J., Raman, S., Yakel, H. L., Gentry, R. V. & Krause, M. O. Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 205, 617 (1977).
Sparks, C. J., Raman, S., Ricci, E., Gentry, R. V. & Krause, M. O. Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 507 (1978).
Gentry, R. V. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 123 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Cahill, T. A. et al. Phys. Rev. C 17, 1183 (1978).
Cookson, J. A., Fletcher, N. R., Kemper, K. W., Medsker, L. R. & Cahill, T. A. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 164 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Stéphan, C., Epherre, M., Cieślak, E., Sowiński, M. & Tys, J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 1534 (1976).
Stakemann, R., Heimann, R., Herrmann, G., Tittel, G. & Trautmann, N. (to be published).
Chevallier, A., Chevallier, J., Pape, A., Debeauvais, M. & Leroux, B. in Proc. Int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 155 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Brandt, R. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 103 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Fireman, E. L. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 172 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Hodgson, P. E. Nuclear Heavy-Ion Reactions (Clarendon, Oxford, 1978).
Brix, P. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Heidelberg Rep. MPI H–1977–V41.
Lefort, M. Rep. Progr. Phys. 39, 129 (1976).
Schröder, W. U. & Huizenga, J. R. A. Rev. nucl. Sci. 27, 465 (1977).
Lefort, M. & Ngô, C. Ann. Phys. 3, 5 (1978).
Volkov, V. V. Phys. Rep. 44, 93 (1978).
Kaufmann, R. & Wolfgang, R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 3, 232 (1959).
Kaufmann, R. & Wolfgang, R. Phys. Rev. 121, 192 (1961).
Nitschke, J. M. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 42 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Ter-Akopyan, G. M. et al. Yad. Fiz. 29, 608 (1979).
Thompson, S. G. et al. Univ. of California Radiation Lab. Berkeley Rep. UCRL 18667 (1969) 283.
Oganessian, Yu. Ts., et al. Nucl. Phys. A 294, 213 (1978).
Colombani, P. et al. Phys. Lett. 42 B, 208 (1972).
Wirth, G. et al. Ges für Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt A. Rep. 1976, 72.
Butler, P. A. et al. Phys. Lett. 74 B, 222 (1978).
Aumann, D. C., Faleschini, H., Friedmann, L. & Weismann, D. Phys. Lett. 82 B, 361 (1979).
Esterlund, R. A. et al. Phys. Rev. C 15, 319 (1977).
Münzenberg, G. et al. Ges. für Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt A. Rep. 1977, 75.
Flerov, G. N. et al. Yad. Fiz. 19, 492 (1974); Sov. J. nucl. Phys. 19, 247 (1974).
Pleve, A. A., Demin, A. G., Kusch, V., Miller, M. B. & Danilov, N. A. Yad. Fiz. 19, 252 (1974); Sov. J. nucl. Phys 19, 123 (1974).
Seaborg, G. T., Loveland, W. & Morrissey, D. J. Science 203, 711 (1979).
Otto, R. J. et al. J. inorg. nucl. Chem. 40, 589 (1978).
Illige, J. D. et al. Phys. Lett. 78 B, 209 (1978).
Ghiorso, A. et al. Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Rep. LBL 6575, 242 (1977).
Nix, J. R. & Sierk, A. R. Phys. Rev. C 15, 2072 (1977).
Sierk, A. R. in Proc. int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements (ed. Lodhi, M. A. K.) 479 (Pergamon, New York, 1978).
Flerov, G. N. & Oganessian, Yu. Ts. in Proc. Symp. Chemistry of Transuranic Elements, Moscow (1972).
Flerov, G. N. Proc. Int. Conf. on Reactions between Complex Nuclei (eds Robinson, R. L., McGowan, F. K., Ball, J. B. & Hamilton, J. H.) Vol. 2, 459 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1974).
Otto, R. J., Ghiorso, A., Lee, D., Leber, R. E., Yashita, S. & Seaborg, G. T. Radiochim. Acta 24, 3 (1977).
Gäggeler, H. et al. Z. Phys. 286, 419 (1978).
Becker, H. J., Lund, T., Brandt, R., Molzahn, D. & Jungclas, H. Ges. für Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt A. Rep. 1977, 24.
Hildenbrand, K. D. et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 1065 (1977).
Schädel, M. et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 469 (1978).
Riedel, C. & Nörenberg, W. Z. Phys. A290, 385 (1979).
Nörenberg, W. J. Phys. 37, C5, 141 (1976).
Volkov, V. V. Proc. Int. Conf. on Reactions between Complex Nuclei Vol. 2 (eds Robinson, R. L., McGowan, F. K., Ball, J. B. & Hamilton, J. H.) 363 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1974).
Kratz, J. V. et al. Ges. für Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt A. Rep. 1978.
Jungclas, H. et al. Phys. Lett. 79 B, 58 (1978).
Trautmann, N. et al. Ges. für Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt A. Rep. 1978.
Deubler, H. H., Lekkas, K., Sperr, P. & Dietrich, K. Z. Phys. A 284, 237 (1978).
Sperr, P. et al. Z. Phys. A287, 57 (1978).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Herrmann, G. Superheavy-element research. Nature 280, 543–549 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1038/280543a0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/280543a0
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.