Table 1 Distribution of potential confounding variables across servings per day of F&V consumptiona
From: Role of vegetables and fruits in Mediterranean diets to prevent hypertension
F&V, servings per day | ⩽2 | 2.1–4 | 4.1–4.99 | ⩾5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (n) | 1080 | 3169 | 1443 | 2902 |
Age (y) | 38.9 (10.1) | 40.4 (10.4) | 41.9 (11.0) | 42.1 (11.8) |
Sex (% female) | 48.4 | 56.2 | 65.6 | 72.1 |
BMI (kg m−2) | 23.3 (3.5) | 23.1 (3.3) | 22.9 (3.2) | 22.8 (3.1) |
Physical activity (MET h per week) | 18.9 (18.1) | 20.9 (19.3) | 22.4 (18.4) | 25.8 (24.1) |
Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 10.2 | 12.8 | 12.5 | 13.5 |
Diabetes (%) | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.7 |
Family history of hypertension (%) | 30.8 | 34.0 | 35.3 | 37.0 |
Smoking status (%) | ||||
Never | 44.6 | 47.2 | 48.2 | 49.8 |
Former | 34.0 | 28.3 | 24.5 | 22.4 |
Current | 21.4 | 24.4 | 27.3 | 27.8 |
Alcohol intake (g per day) | 6.9 (11.3) | 6.5 (9.5) | 6.1 (8.7) | 5.4 (8.0) |
Sodium intake (g per day) | 3.3 (2.4) | 3.5 (2.3) | 3.5 (2.3) | 3.5 (2.2) |
Potassium intake (g per day) | 3.0 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.8 (0.9) | 6.1 (1.5) |
Magnesium intake (mg per day) | 292 (94) | 367 (86) | 422 (89) | 508 (123) |
Fiber intake (g per day) | 13.8 (5.8) | 21.3 (6.1) | 27.5 (6.4) | 38.1 (12.6) |
Caffeine intake (g per day) | 44.1 (43) | 45.3 (39.3) | 44.8 (39.7) | 43.5 (39.2) |
Olive oil (g per day) | 14.0 (15.0) | 17.8 (14.9) | 19.3 (15.1) | 22.1 (16.0) |
Low-fat dairy (g per day) | 140 (208) | 172 (219) | 211 (246) | 245 (263) |
Total energy intake (kJ per day) | 8650 (2834) | 9743 (2629) | 10 279 (2554) | 11 091 (2583) |
Carbohydrates (% energy intake) | 40.2 (8.5) | 41.7 (7.0) | 42.6 (6.4) | 45.3 (7.2) |
Protein (% energy intake) | 17.8 (4.6) | 17.9 (3.1) | 18.1 (3.1) | 18.0 (3.0) |
Lipids (% energy intake) | 39.7 (7.3) | 38.4 (6.2) | 37.5 (5.9) | 35.3 (6.4) |
SFA (% energy intake) | 14.5 (3.8) | 13.5 (3.0) | 12.8 (2.8) | 11.6 (3.0) |
MUFA (% energy intake) | 16.8 (4.5) | 16.4 (3.6) | 16.1 (3.5) | 15.3 (3.6) |
PUFA (% energy intake) | 5.7 (1.9) | 5.5 (1.6) | 5.4 (1.6) | 5.0 (1.5) |
