Abstract
Infectious conjunctivitis occurs in a number of domestic and laboratory animal species and is usually treated topically with eye drops or eye ointments, which must be administered several times a day and sometimes for a prolonged period of time. In aggressive nonhuman primates or other large laboratory animal species, this may require the use of anesthesia or physical restraint before each treatment, which can be stressful to the animals and demanding for personnel. The authors describe a technique for administering deep subconjunctival injections of an antibiotic to laboratory macaques for the treatment of conjunctivitis. Three cases of recurrent conjunctivitis in macaques that responded poorly to other treatment approaches were effectively treated using this technique. This approach is recommended for the treatment of conjunctivitis in macaques and other large animal species.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
We are sorry, but there is no personal subscription option available for your country.
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Kahn, C.M. & Line, S. (eds) The Merck Veterinary Manual 10th edn. (Merck & Co., Inc. Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2010).
Ormerod, L.D. Causes and management of bacterial keratitis in the elderly. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 24, 112–116 (1989).
Rubenstein, J.B. & Virach, V. in Ophthalmology 3rd edn. (Yanoff, M. &Duker, J.S., eds) 1528–1540 (Mosby, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2008).
Hansen, B.C. in The Metabolic Syndrome: Epidemiology, Clinical Treatment, and Underlying Mechanisms (Hansen, B.C. & Bray, G.A., eds.) 373–386 (Humana Press, Totawa, NJ, 2008).
Nakagawa, H. Treatment of chlamydial conjunctivitis. Ophthalmologica 211 (suppl. 1), 25–28 (1997).
Ward, D.A. & Clark, E.S. Ocular pharmacology. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 7, 779–791 (1991).
Matsuura, K. Pharmacokinetics of subconjunctival injection of moxifloxacin in humans. Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 251, 1019–1020 (2013).
Baum, J. Treatment of bacterial ulcers of the cornea in the rabbit: a comparison of administration by eye drops and subconjunctival injections. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 80, 369–390 (1982).
Feldman-Billard, S., Du Pasquier-Fediaevsky, L. & Héron, E. Hyperglycemia after repeated periocular dexamethasone injections in patients with diabetes. Ophthalmology 113, 1720–1723 (2006).
Regnier, A., Toutain, P.L., Alvinerie, M., Perique, B. & Ruckebusch, Y. Adrenocortical function and plasma biochemical values in dogs after subconjunctival treatment with methylprednisolone acetate. Res. Vet. Sci. 32, 306–310 (1982).
Hansen, B.C. in Diabetes Mellitus: A Fundamental and Clinical Text (eds. LeRoith, D., Olefsky J. & Taylor, S.) 1060–1074 (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 2004).
Bodkin, N.L., Alexander, T.M., Ortmeyer, H.K., Johnson, E. & Hansen, B.C. Mortality and morbidity in laboratory-maintained Rhesus monkeys and effects of long-term dietary restriction. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 58, 212–219 (2003).
Animal Welfare Act as Amended (7 USC 2131–2156).
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 8th edn. (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2011).
Ankel-Simons, F. Primate Anatomy, Third Edition: An Introduction (Academic, New York NY, 2007).
De Rousseau, C. & Bito, L. Intraocular pressure of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). II. Juvenile ocular hypertension and its apparent relationship to ocular growth. Exp. Eye Res. 32, 407–417 (1981).
Riordan-Eva, P. in Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology 18th edn. (Riordan-Eva, P. & Cunningham, E.T. Jr., eds.) Ch. 1 (McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2011).
Miller, T.R. Principles of therapeutics. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 8, 479–497 (1992).
Gordon, T.B. & Cunningham, R.D. Tobramycin levels in aqueous humor after subconjunctival injection in humans. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 93, 107–110 (1982).
George, L.W., Reina-Guerra, M., Baggot, J.D. & Mihalyi, J. Distribution of kanamycin in ocular tissues of calves. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 9, 183–191 (1986).
Abeynayake, P. & Cooper, B.S. The concentration of penicillin in bovine conjunctival sac fluid as it pertains to the treatment of Moraxella bovis infection. (I) Subconjunctival injection. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 12, 25–30 (1989).
Douglas, L.C., Yi, N.Y., Davis, J.L., Salmon, J.H. & Gilger, B.C. Ocular toxicity and distribution of subconjunctival and intravitreal rapamycin in horses. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 31, 511–516 (2008).
McLeod, S. in Ophthalmology 3rd edn. (Yanoff, M. & Duker, J.S., eds.) 262–270 (Mosby, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2008).
Senturk, S., Cetin, C., Temizel, M. & Ozel, E. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of subconjunctival injection of clindamycin in the treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Vet. Ophthalmol. 10, 186–189 (2007).
Azarbod, P., Mohammed, Q., Akram, I. & Moorman, C. Localised abscess following an injection of subtenon triamcinolone acitonide. Eye (Lond.) 21, 672–674 (2007).
Kim, S.K., Andreoli, C.M., Rizzo, J.F. III, Golden, M.A. & Bradbury, M.J. Optic neuropathy secondary to sub-tenon anesthetic injection in cataract surgery. Arch. Ophthalmol. 121, 907–909 (2003).
Kaderli, B. & Avci, R. Comparison of topical and subconjunctival anesthesia in intravitreal injection administrations. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 16, 718–721 (2006).
Veneziale, R.W. et al. SCH 412499: biodistribution and safety of an adenovirus containing P21(WAF-1/CIP-1) following subconjunctival injection in Cynomolgus monkeys. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 26, 83–105 (2007).
Kumar, C.M. & Dodds, C. Ophthalmic regional block. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 35, 158–167 (2006).
Tank, P.W. & Gest, T.R. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Atlas of Anatomy xv, 353 (Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. PA, 2008).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gografe, S., Hansen, B. & Hansen, K. Deep subconjunctival injection of gentamicin for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis in macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis). Lab Anim 44, 92–96 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.661
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.661