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Intermediates in the transformation of phosphonates to phosphate by bacteria

Nature volume 480, pages 570–573 (2011)Cite this article

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Abstract

Phosphorus is an essential element for all known forms of life. In living systems, phosphorus is an integral component of nucleic acids, carbohydrates and phospholipids, where it is incorporated as a derivative of phosphate. However, most Gram-negative bacteria have the capability to use phosphonates as a nutritional source of phosphorus under conditions of phosphate starvation1. In these organisms, methylphosphonate is converted to phosphate and methane. In a formal sense, this transformation is a hydrolytic cleavage of a carbon–phosphorus (C–P) bond, but a general enzymatic mechanism for the activation and conversion of alkylphosphonates to phosphate and an alkane has not been elucidated despite much effort for more than two decades. The actual mechanism for C–P bond cleavage is likely to be a radical-based transformation2. In Escherichia coli, the catalytic machinery for the C–P lyase reaction has been localized to the phn gene cluster1. This operon consists of the 14 genes phnC, phnD, …, phnP. Genetic and biochemical experiments have demonstrated that the genes phnG, phnH, …, phnM encode proteins that are essential for the conversion of phosphonates to phosphate and that the proteins encoded by the other genes in the operon have auxiliary functions1,3,4,5,6. There are no functional annotations for any of the seven proteins considered essential for C–P bond cleavage. Here we show that methylphosphonate reacts with MgATP to form α-d-ribose-1-methylphosphonate-5-triphosphate (RPnTP) and adenine. The triphosphate moiety of RPnTP is hydrolysed to pyrophosphate and α-d-ribose-1-methylphosphonate-5-phosphate (PRPn). The C–P bond of PRPn is subsequently cleaved in a radical-based reaction producing α-d-ribose-1,2-cyclic-phosphate-5-phosphate and methane in the presence of S-adenosyl-l-methionine. Substantial quantities of phosphonates are produced worldwide for industrial processes, detergents, herbicides and pharmaceuticals7,8,9. Our elucidation of the chemical steps for the biodegradation of alkylphosphonates shows how these compounds can be metabolized and recycled to phosphate.

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Figure 1: 31 P NMR spectra of the reaction products catalysed by PhnI, PhnM and PhnJ.
Figure 2: Ultraviolet–visible absorbance spectrum of PhnJ (31 μM) after anaerobic reconstitution of the Fe–S cluster (solid line).
Figure 3: Working model for the transformation of PRPn to PRcP.
Figure 4: Reaction pathway for the conversion of methylphosphonate to PRcP.

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Acknowledgements

We thank D. Barondeau and his laboratory for use of the anaerobic chamber and for advice on the assembly of Fe–S clusters in radical SAM enzymes. We also thank C. Xu for help with some of the 31P NMR spectra and S. Burrows for help with cloning phnI and phnH. This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (GM93342, GM71790) and the Robert A. Welch Foundation (A-840). The cryoprobe for the NMR spectrometer was purchased with funds from the National Science Foundation (0840464)

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  1. Department of Chemistry, PO Box 30012, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, Texas, USA

    Siddhesh S. Kamat, Howard J. Williams & Frank M. Raushel

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Contributions

S.S.K., H.J.W. and F.M.R. designed the experiments. S.S.K. and H.J.W. performed the experiments. S.S.K., H.J.W. and F.M.R. wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Frank M. Raushel.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Kamat, S., Williams, H. & Raushel, F. Intermediates in the transformation of phosphonates to phosphate by bacteria. Nature 480, 570–573 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10622

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