Extended Data Figure 10: Passage through the annual resonance of the lunar free wobble in Fig. 4.

Lunar obliquity (a), spin rate (b), rotation rates around the longest and shortest principal axes (c), and the angle between the Moon’s longest axis and Earth (d) during the first 1 Myr of the ‘blue’ segment of lunar tidal evolution in Fig. 4 (which was simulated at the nominal rate for tidal evolution). The free wobble (tracked by grey points in c) experiences a resonance at about 330 kyr, breaking the Moon’s synchronous rotation. Since the Moon is close to the Cassini state transition, it cannot evolve back into Cassini state 1 and it settles into a non-synchronous high-obliquity state⁵⁸.