A detailed ab initio model of ferroelectric ordering in thin films shows that phase transitions and ferroelectric bistability occur down to diameters of 3.2 nm in nanodisks and nanorods. Unexpected circular or toroidal ordering of dipoles describes the low-temperature ground state, rather than conventional parallel or antiparallel atomic displacements.
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Scott, J. Novel geometric ordering of ferroelectricity. Nature Mater 4, 13–14 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1287
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1287
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