Abstract
We are currently facing an unprecedented level of public interest in research on embryonic stem cells, an area of biomedical research that until recently was small, highly specialized and of limited interest to anyone but experts in the field. Real and imagined possibilities for the treatment of degenerative and other diseases are of special interest to our rapidly ageing population; real and imagined associations of stem cells to cloning, embryos and reproduction stir deeply held beliefs and prejudices. The conjunction of these factors could explain the recent sudden interest in embryonic stem cells but we ought to remember that this research has a long and convoluted history, and that the findings described today in the scientific and popular press are firmly grounded in research that has been going on for several decades. Here I briefly recapitulate this fascinating history.
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Acknowledgements
I wish to thank P. Andrews, I. Damjanov, R. Kemler and M. Stemmler for help with the illustrations.
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Glossary
- Blastocyst
-
A mammalian embryo that is at the end of cleavage and is ready for implantation into the uterine epithelium. Depending on the species, it contains a hundred or more cells and is composed of: a continuous outside layer called the trophectoderm, which gives rise to the placenta; an inner cell mass, which gives rise to the embryo proper; and some extra-embryonic membrane. The cells of the inner cell mass can give rise to embryonic stem cells in culture.
- Cell feeder layer
-
Cells, usually fibroblasts, that are incapable of division but provide physical support and soluble factors for the cells growing on them. The feeder layer was essential for the early derivation of embryonic stem cells.
- Inner cell mass
-
A small clump of apparently undifferentiated cells in the blastocyst, which gives rise to the entire fetus plus some of its extra-embryonic membranes.
- Intraperitoneal
-
Refers to injection or insertion between the viscera and the abdominal wall.
- Karyotype
-
The chromosomal complement of a given cell.
- Matrix material
-
Solid support surrounding and secreted by cells. Known components of extracellular matrix (for example, collagen) can be used as support for in vitro cell culture.
- Meiotic check-point
-
An event during meiosis that can only proceed if some earlier event has been completed. The fully grown mammalian oocyte is arrested in the prophase of the first meiotic division (first meiotic check-point). Following hormonal stimulation the oocyte undergoes maturation by completing first meiotic division and arresting in the metaphase of the second meiotic division (second meiotic check-point). The oocyte is released from this check-point on fertilization and can complete the second meiotic division.
- Monolayer culture
-
Growth of cells in vitro as a single cell layer that is attached to the bottom of a culture dish.
- Parietal endoderm
-
One of the extra-embryonic membranes. It participates in the formation of the maternal–fetal barrier.
- Primordial germ cells
-
Cells that are localized in a specific part of the early post-implantation embryo that will eventually migrate into gonads and give rise to germ cells (eggs and sperm). They are also probable precursors of embryonic germ cells.
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Solter, D. From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells and beyond: a history of embryonic stem cell research. Nat Rev Genet 7, 319–327 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1827
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1827
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