Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Comment
  • Published:

How did our complex immune system evolve?

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Relevant articles

Open Access articles citing this article.

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References

  1. Darwin, C. On the Origin of Species (John Murray, London, 1859).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Janeway, C. A. Jr & Medzhitov, R. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20, 197–216 (2002).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hoffmann, J. A., Kafatos, F. C., Janeway, C. A. & Ezekowitz, R. A. Science 284, 1313–1318 (1999).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hoebe, K., Janssen, E. & Beutler, B. Nature Immunol. 5, 971–974 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Abi-Rached, L. & Parham, P. J. Exp. Med. 201, 1319–1332 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Pancer, Z. et al. Nature 430, 174–180 (2004).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Alder, M. N. et al. Nature Immunol. 9, 319–327 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Guo, P. et al. Nature 459, 796–801 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Alder, M. N. et al. Science 310, 1970–1973 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Nagawa, F. et al. Nature Immunol. 8, 206–213 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rogozin, I. B. et al. Nature Immunol. 8, 647–656 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Herrin, B. R. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 2040–2045 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Ohno, S. Evolution by Gene Duplication (Springer, Berlin, 1970).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  14. Putnam, N. H. et al. Nature 453, 1064–1071 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mayer, W. E. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14350–14355 (2002).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Max D. Cooper.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cooper, M., Herrin, B. How did our complex immune system evolve?. Nat Rev Immunol 10, 2–3 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2686

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2686

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing