Abstract
Background
When a lifestyle intervention combines caloric restriction and increased physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), there are two components of energy balance, energy intake (EI) and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), that are routinely misreported and expensive to measure. Energy balance models have successfully predicted EI if PAEE is known. Estimating EI from an energy balance model when PAEE is not known remains an open question.
Objective
The objective was to evaluate the performance of an energy balance differential equation model to predict EI in an intervention that includes both calorie restriction and increases in PAEE.
Design
The Antonetti energy balance model that predicts body weight trajectories during weight loss was solved and inverted to estimate EI during weight loss. Using data from a calorie restriction study that included interventions with and without prescribed PAEE, we tested the validity of the Antonetti weight predictions against measured weight and the Antonetti EI model against measured EI using the intake-balance method at 168 days. We then evaluated the predicted EI from the model against measured EI in a study that prescribed both calorie restriction and increased PAEE.
Results
Compared with measured body weight at 168 days, the mean (±SD) model error was 1.30 ± 3.58 kg. Compared with measured EI at 168 days, the mean EI (±SD) model error in the intervention that prescribed calorie restriction and did not prescribe increased PAEE, was −84.9 ± 227.4 kcal/d. In the intervention that prescribed calorie restriction combined with increased PAEE, the mean (±SD) EI model error was −155.70 ± 205.70 kcal/d.
Conclusion
The validity of the newly developed EI model was supported by experimental observations and can be used to determine EI during weight loss.
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Data availability
We used the CALERIE data which is publically available at https://calerie.duke.edu/samples-data-access-and-analysis.
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DMO, LMR and DMT conceived the study. CG, DMT, and VA modified the dynamic energy balance models originally developed by VA. RL and JS numerically simulated the models and developed the RShiny app. CE and KC performed statistical analysis. CG and DMT drafted the first version of the manuscript and all authors reviewed multiple drafts of the manuscript.
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All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. DO is supported by F32 DK122652. LR is supported in part by R01NR017644, R01DK124806.
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Gerving, C., Lasater, R., Starling, J. et al. Predicting energy intake in adults who are dieting and exercising. Int J Obes 46, 2095–2101 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-022-01205-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-022-01205-0