Fig. 4: Results of cell patterning with the solid lift-off method.

a Efficiencies of single-cell, double-cell, and triple-cell alignments via the solid lift-off method with shadow masks of different capture pore sizes (n = 3). b Comparison of the efficiencies for single-cell, double-cell, and triple-cell alignments via the present solid lift-off method (n = 3) and previously reported protein micropattern-controlled methods (microcontact printing²⁶). c Typical images of FN micropatterns (green) and patterned cells (blue and merged) generated by the present solid lift-off method (c1) and previously reported protein micropattern-controlled methods (microcontact printing²⁶) (c2–c3)