Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants involved in the randomized controlled trial.

	PC (n = 46)	LP (n = 58)	HP (n = 54)
Age, years	52.60 ± 5.67	51.10 ± 3.90	49.6 ± 4.17
Height, cm	166.50 ± 8.02	162.05 ± 4.47	164.10 ± 10.17
Weight, kg	69.6 ± 8.30	69.87 ± 9.08	72.15 ± 10.81
BMI, kg/m²	25.06 ± 1.93	26.63 ± 3.35	26.76 ± 2.71
ALT, U/l	84.41 ± 23.26	81.11 ± 34.66	82.37 ± 32.36
AST, U/l	73.77 ± 44.77	82.88 ± 42.84	78.12 ± 39.56
GGT, U/l	181.46 ± 77.40	164.69 ± 87.40	158.12 ± 82.21
TBIL, μmol/L	26.52 ± 6.73	25.05 ± 9.38	24.65 ± 0.38
Endotoxin, EU/ml	0.35 ± 0.04	0.24 ± 0.03	0.22 ± 0.02
TG, mmol/l	2.27 ± 0.82	1.97 ± 0.66	2.01 ± 0.59
TC, mmol/l	5.98 ± 0.87	5.96 ± 1.05	6.12 ± 1.06
LDLC, mmol/l	5.05 ± 0.85	4.07 ± 0.83	3.95 ± 0.81
HDLC, mmol/l	1.33 ± 0.34	1.28 ± 0.26	1.30 ± 0.31
IL-1β, pg/ml	49.77 ± 3.56	48.84 ± 3.65	52.64 ± 4.55
TNF-α, pg/ml	118.96 ± 13.16	107.03 ± 11.52	116.54 ± 14.87
IL-6, pg/ml	209.05 ± 31.64	210.23 ± 27.31	212.89 ± 24.26
IL-10, pg/ml	76.55 ± 13.89	69.64 ± 14.77	69.14 ± 14.84
Escherichia coli, copies/g	7.88 ± 0.57	8.22 ± 0.89	7.51 ± 1.05
Enterococcus facalis, copies/g	5.09 ± 1.11	4.96 ± 1.25	5.28 ± 1.34
Bacteroides fragilis, copies/g	7.43 ± 1.22	8.27 ± 1.82	8.45 ± 1.27
Bifidobacterium longum, copies/g	5.39 ± 0.38	5.23 ± 0.18	5.33 ± 0.37
Lactobacillus acidophilus, copies/g	5.05 ± 0.93	4.27 ± 1.02	5.12 ± 0.74
Clostridium leptum, copies/g	8.28 ± 1.40	7.88 ± 1.81	7.40 ± 1.51

Values are presented as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA (for continuous variables) or chi-square test (for categorical variables) was performed to test the group difference at baseline.
ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase, TBIL total bilirubin, TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, HDLC: high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDLC low density lipoprotein cholesterol, IL-1β interleukin-1β, IL-6 interleukin-6, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10 interleukin-10, PC Positive control group, LP Low dose intervention group, HP High dose intervention group.

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