Table 1 Summary of emissions (and fuel consumption) of this work using STEAM for 2020 compared with Third IMO GHG Study (Smith et al.12) and all non-shipping emissions

From: Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs

Pollutant (000 tonnes)

Third IMO GHG study estimate for 2012

2015 estimate

2020 BAU without IMO standard

2020 action with IMO standard

2010 non-shipping emissons HTAPV2/MEIC73

NO X

19,000

20,100

21,300

21,300

75,310

SO X

10,200

11,500

11,000

2500

99,071

PMa

1400

1540

1500

770

17,338

CO2

938,000

814,000

860,000

870,000

—

Fuel Usageb

254,000 (t-d) 300,000 (b-u)

263,000

277,000

274,000

—

  1. a PM estimates in this work include speciated fractions for modelling, including sulphate, elemental carbon, organic carbon, and ash, as appropriate for the source characteristics. For ships, PM includes sulphate formed from gaseous emissions of SO X . Nearly all ship-emitted PM falls within the PM2.5 size range
  2. b The Third IMO GHG Study reported both top-down (t-d) and bottom-up (b-u) estimations; STEAM methods are activity based, bottom-up
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