Table 4 Mixed-effects linear model on the polarity of review reports

Fixed effects	Estimate	Std. error	DF	t-value	p-value
(Intercept)	0.168	0.009	56.979	17.691	<0.001
Open review	−0.008	0.005	14,828.582	−1.495	0.135
Recommendation: Major revisions	0.029	0.002	15,338.173	17.032	<0.001
Recommendation: Minor revisions	0.043	0.002	15,114.247	24.469	<0.001
Recommendation: Accept	0.079	0.003	15,328.735	24.283	<0.001
log (report length)	−0.012	0.001	13,203.481	−12.499	<0.001
Status: Other	0.004	0.004	152,48.119	1.114	0.265
Status: Dr	−0.001	0.002	15,309.698	−0.620	0.535
Gender: Male	−0.009	0.004	15,369.354	−2.530	0.011
Gender: Uncertain	−0.009	0.004	15,367.941	−2.310	0.021
Year	−0.000	0.001	7472.964	−0.372	0.710
Open review × Status: Other	0.001	0.006	15,212.757	0.196	0.845
Open review × Status: Dr	−0.001	0.003	15,261.003	−0.419	0.675
Open review × Gender: Male	0.012	0.005	15,369.386	2.567	0.010
Open review × Gender: Uncertain	0.007	0.005	15,369.572	1.371	0.171
Std. Dev. of random effects:
Submission (intercept)	0.014
Journal (intercept)	0.011
Residual	0.0817
No. of observations	15,387.0
Log likelihood	16,403.4
AIC	−32,806.8

The reference class for the referees’ status is “Professor”, while for gender is “Female”, the one for recommendation is “Reject”. Only reports including at least 250 characters were considered. Degrees of freedom were computed using Satterthwaite’s approximation

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