Fig. 1
Phylogenetic relationships and population structure of ginkgo populations. a Geographic distribution of the sampling locations. The radius of the pies represents population size, and the colors represent ancestral components (according to the substructure at K = 4). The map image, derived from ArcGIS Online maps, is the intellectual property of Esri, which is permitted for free use in academic publications (https://doc.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-online/reference/static-maps.htm). Same applies to the other maps in this paper. b Model-based population assignment by ADMIXTURE analysis for K = 2–5. The x-axis shows populations, and the y-axis quantifies the proportion of inferred ancestral lineages. c Principal component analysis (PCA) of Chinese samples, with the proportion of the variance explained being 8.61% for PC1 and 6.18% for PC2. d A neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree of all 545 ginkgo samples around the world constructed using whole-genome SNP data based on pairwise identity-by-state (IBS) genetic distances. The source data of Fig. 1a–c are provided in a Source Data file
