Fig. 3: Digital modulation schemes for highly miniaturized optogenetic stimulation tools for birds.
From: Wireless battery free fully implantable multimodal recording and neuromodulation tools for songbirds
a Rendering of experimental arena showing power delivery to animal. b Modulation principle with simplified electronic diagram. Graphical representation of pickup coil voltage (black trace), μC voltage (orange trace), and power across μ-ILED (blue trace) to program device for stimulation of left probe at 30 Hz and 5% duty cycle (top set of graphs) and stimulation of right probe at 10 Hz and 15% duty cycle (bottom set of graphs). c Protocol for state selection using 12 bits of data to select device, frequency, duty cycle, and stimulation probe. d Photographic image of three devices switching states wirelessly. e Photographic image of device serpentine stretched in the elastic regime with inset of finite element simulation indicating displacement of 1.2 mm (applied strain of 24%) and observed strain in the copper layer of 4%. f Example configuration of injectable dual probes for targeting specific areas of the finch brain.
