Fig. 2 | npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

Fig. 2

From: New melanocortin-like peptide of E. coli can suppress inflammation via the mammalian melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R): possible endocrine-like function for microbes of the gut

Fig. 2

Cytokine-induced TNF release inhibited by MECO-1. a Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), derived from the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, is a TLR4 and TLR2 agonist. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with MECO-1 and LPS simultaneously and incubated overnight. Supernatants were tested for TNF with ELISA. b Poly I:C, synthetic double stranded RNA, is recognized by TLR3. RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with MECO-1 and then stimulated with Poly I:C. Supernatants were tested in ELISA by TNF. c Peptidoglycan (PGN), another TLR2 agonist, is ubiquitous in the cell wall of bacteria. RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with MECO-1 and then stimulated with PGN; after overnight stimulation, supernatants were harvested and tested for TNF ELISA. d HMGB-1. Each vertical bar is the mean of three experimental points, using HMGB-1 to induce TNF release. Three sets of three experiments were used for the measurement of inhibition

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