Table 2 Examples of solvents, as well as nanomaterials and polymers used in solution blending

Acetic acid

Phosphonated GO (PGO)

Chitosan (CS)

³⁴

N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc)

Sulfonated GO (SGO)

Nafion

¹⁶³

SGO

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK)

¹⁰²

SGO

Sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES)

¹⁰¹

GO

SPES

⁹⁷

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)

Nafion

¹⁶⁴

SiO₂

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)

^38,120

Sulfonated SiO₂ (SS)

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether ether ketone ketone) (SPAEEKK)

¹²³

SS

Polybenzimidazole (PBI)

¹⁶⁵

SS

Sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (SPPEK)

¹²⁴

SiO₂

SPPEK

¹⁶⁶

SiO₂

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES)

¹⁶⁷

SiO₂

SPES

¹⁶⁸

TiO₂

Quaternized polysulfone (QPSU)

¹⁴⁰

TiO₂

Chloromethylated polysulfone (CMPSU)

¹⁶⁹

N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF)

Quaternized GO (QGO)

QPSU

³⁹

Sulfonated organosilane functionalized GO (SSi-GO)

SPEEK

¹⁰³

SS

Sulfonated poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene oxide) (SPPO)

¹⁷⁰

Sulfonated mesoporous SiO₂ (SMS)

SPES

^35,125,158

SiO₂

SPPO

¹²¹

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

GO

SPI

⁴³

APTEOS (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) functionalized GO (A-GO)

Quaternized polyethyleneimine /Poly (vinyl alcohol) (QPEI/PVA)

³⁶

MWCNTs

Sulfonated poly[bis(benzimidazobenzisoquinolinones)] (SPBIBI)

⁴⁴

SMS

SPI

¹⁶¹

Ethanol

Sulfonated TiO₂ nanotube (S–TiO₂–NTs)

Nafion

¹⁴¹

Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)

SiO₂

Nafion

¹²²

m-Cresol

Dihydrogen phosphate functionalized GO (H₂P-GO)

SPI

¹⁷¹

Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

Polyaniline (PANI)-MWCNTs

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

¹⁷²

MWCNTs

PVC

⁷²

MWCNTs

Polycarbonate/styrene–butadiene rubber (PC/SBR)

⁶⁶

Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃)

PVC

¹⁴²

Iron (II, III) oxide (Fe₃O₄)

PVC

¹⁴⁵

Zeolite

PVC

¹⁵⁰

Zinc oxide (ZnO)

PVC

¹⁵⁷

Water

GO

Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)

¹⁷³

GO

PVA

⁹⁸

MWCNTs

PVA

⁷⁵

Sulfonated MWCNTs (S-MWCNTs)

Sulfonated PVA (SPVA)

⁶⁵

Phenyl-SMS (Ph-SMS)

PVA

¹⁶⁰