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Sex differences in bladder cancer: emerging data and call to action

Nature Reviews Urology volume 19, pages 447–449 (2022)Cite this article

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Incidence and mortality disparities between males and females exist in many diseases including bladder cancer, but the mechanisms remain unclear. To adequately address this issue, researchers must design experiments appropriately, appreciate that sex and gender are not synonymous concepts and understand that the role of both sex and gender in disease need to be elucidated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Dan Theodorescu & Xue Li

  2. Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Dan Theodorescu

  3. Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center–The James, Columbus, OH, USA

    Zihai Li

  4. Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Xue Li

Authors
  1. Dan Theodorescu
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  2. Zihai Li
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  3. Xue Li
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Correspondence to Xue Li.

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Competing interests

X.L., D.T. and Z.L. are supported by NIH grants. Z.L. sits on the scientific advisory boards for Alphamab, Henlius, Ikonisys, Heat Biologics and HanchorBio.

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Theodorescu, D., Li, Z. & Li, X. Sex differences in bladder cancer: emerging data and call to action. Nat Rev Urol 19, 447–449 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-022-00591-4

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