Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a cell-surface sensor for Ca2+, is the master regulator of calcium homeostasis in humans and is the target of calcimimetic drugs for the treatment of parathyroid disorders1. CaSR is a family C G-protein-coupled receptor2 that functions as an obligate homodimer, with each protomer composed of a Ca2+-binding extracellular domain and a seven-transmembrane-helix domain (7TM) that activates heterotrimeric G proteins. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of near-full-length human CaSR in inactive or active states bound to Ca2+ and various calcilytic or calcimimetic drug molecules. We show that, upon activation, the CaSR homodimer adopts an asymmetric 7TM configuration that primes one protomer for G-protein coupling. This asymmetry is stabilized by 7TM-targeting calcimimetic drugs adopting distinctly different poses in the two protomers, whereas the binding of a calcilytic drug locks CaSR 7TMs in an inactive symmetric configuration. These results provide a detailed structural framework for CaSR activation and the rational design of therapeutics targeting this receptor.
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Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in the Article and its Supplementary Information. Cryo-EM maps of active-state CaSR–cinacalcet, active-state CaSR–etelcalcetide–evocalcet, inactive-state CaSR–NPS2143 and CaSR–NPS2143–Ca2+–Trp have been deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank under accession codes EMD-23653, EMD-23654, EMD-23655 and EMD-23652, respectively. The atomic coordinates of active-state CaSR–cinacalcet, active-state CaSR–etelcalcetide–evocalcet, inactive-state CaSR–NPS2143 and CaSR–NPS2143–Ca2+–Trp have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under the accession codes 7M3F, 7M3G, 7M3J and 7M3E, respectively.
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Acknowledgements
We thank E. Montabana at the Stanford-SLAC cryo-EM facility for support with data collection and B. Kobilka for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported, in part, by R01 NS092695 (G.S. and J.M.M.) and a grant from the Mathers Foundation (G.S.); a Wellcome Trust Investigator Award (grant number 106995/Z/15/Z) (R.V.T); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme (R.V.T.); NIHR Senior Investigator Award (R.V.T.) (grant number NF-SI-0514–10091); T32-GM089626 (J.G.M.); and funding from the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (H.B.-O.).
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Y.G. expressed and purified the proteins, prepared cryo-EM samples, collected and processed cryo-EM data, built and refined the structural models, designed the mutagenesis studies and generated the expression constructs. M.J.R. performed ligand docking and assisted in model refinement. S.N.R. performed IP1 assays for profiling of allosteric modulators under the supervision of H.B.-O. A.B.S. assisted in data analysis. C.Z. assisted in cryo-EM data collection. J.G.M. performed the BRET assays and assisted in model refinement. O.P. assisted in cryo-EM data collection. F.M.H. and R.V.T. provided information on disease mutations and provided input in manuscript discussions. J.M.M. performed and analysed cellular signalling experiments. Y.G. and G.S. wrote the manuscript with input from J.G.M., R.V.T., F.M.H., H.B.-O, M.J.R. and J.M.M. G.S. supervised the project.
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Extended data figures and tables
Extended Data Fig. 1 Functional characterizations of human CaSR and structures of NAM-bound CaSR.
a, size-exclusion chromatography profile of purified CaSR. b, BRET-based assay40 monitoring Gq activation by CaSR upon Ca2+ addition. n = 3 independent experiments, data represent mean ± s.e.m. c-f, Functional responses of CaSR to Ca2+ alone or in combination with PAMs or NAM measured by IP1 accumulation assays. n = 3 independent experiments, data represent mean ± s.e.m. g, Cryo-EM map and model of inactive state CaSR complexed with NAM. h, Cryo-EM map and model of the CaSR-NAM-Ca2+-Trp complex. i, Structure of the inactive-state CaSR ECD region showing an open-closed inactive VFT configuration.
Extended Data Fig. 2 Cryo-EM data processing workflow.
Representative cryo-EM micrographs of different CaSR complexes and flowcharts detailing data processing procedures.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Cryo-EM maps and FSC curves of active-state CaSR complexes.
a–d, Global and local refinement maps with corresponding FSC curves indicating nominal resolutions using the FSC = 0.143 criterion, model-vs-map FSC curves and local resolution maps of CaSR-etelecacetide-evocalcet (a, b) and CaSR-cinacalcet (c, d).
Extended Data Fig. 4 Cryo-EM maps and FSC curves of NAM-bound CaSR complexes.
a–d, Global and local refinement maps with corresponding FSC curves indicating nominal resolutions using the FSC = 0.143 criterion, model-vs-map FSC curves and local resolution maps of inactive-state CaSR (a, b) and CaSR-NAM-Ca2+-Trp (c, d).
Extended Data Fig. 5 Comparisons between CaSR cryo-EM structures and previous family C GPCR structures.
a, ECD from inactive-state CaSR cryo-EM structure with the loop tethering the opposing LB1 colored in red. b, ECD from inactive-state mGlu5 cryo-EM structure8 (PDB: 6N51). c, inactive-state CaSR ECD crystal structure6 (PDE: 5K5T). d, 7TMs from inactive-state CaSR cryo-EM structure (grey) superposed onto inactive CaSR ECD crystal structure based on CRD alignment. e, Comparison of inactive 7TMs orientations between CaSR and mGlu5. f, Active-state CaSR cryo-EM structure aligned with the active CaSR ECD crystal structure6 (grey, PDB: 5K5S) illustrating the difference in CRD orientations. g, Elongated densities observed at the TM6-TM6 interface in cryo-EM maps of active-state CaSR shown with TM6 residues forming the cholesterol-binding CARC motif. h, Sequence alignment logo showing the conservation of CARC motif residues among family C GPCRs (generated using alignment from GPCRdb43 with WebLogo44). i, Comparison of Ca2+ sites in active-state cryo-EM structures with Ca2+ sites in active CaSR ECD crystal structure (PDB: 5K5S)6. j, Alignment of the closed VFT protomer (dark blue) observed in our inactive-state CaSR structure with either the inactive open protomer (left, dark green) or the active closed protomer (right, light green). k, The tube shaped density observed in closed inactive CaSR VFT with L-Trp docked in. l, Crystal structure of open-closed mGlu1 VFTs13 (PDB: 1EWV).
Extended Data Fig. 6 PAM and NAM models and TM6-TM6 interfaces in cryo-EM densities.
a, Etelcalcetide model in cryo-EM density. b, Active-state CaSR TM6-TM6 interface model in cryo-EM density (shown here is CaSR-cinacalcet. The TM6-TM6 interface of CaSR-evocalcet-etelcalcetide is highly similar). c, Cinacalcet models in cryo-EM densities. d, Evocalcet models in cryo-EM densities. e, NAM model in cryo-EM density for the CaSR-NAM-Ca2+-Trp complex. f, CaSR-NAM-Ca2+-Trp complex TM6-TM6 interface model in cryo-EM density. g, Inactive-state NAM binding pocket. h, Inactive-state NAM model in cryo-EM density.
Extended Data Fig. 7 Binding modes of cinacalcet and evocalcet.
a, Interaction network in the CRD-ECL2-ECL3 region of cinacalcet-bound active-state CaSR. b, Chemical structures of evocalcet and cinacalcet. c, Structure of active-state CaSR 7TMs complexed with evocalcet. Similar to cinacalcet (Fig. 3a), evocalcet adopts an extended conformation in 7TMA (green) and a bent conformation in 7TMB (blue), making distinct interactions with the two protomers.
Extended Data Fig. 8 Cell surface expression levels and calcium response curves of various CaSR constructs.
a, Ca2+ response curves (left and middle panels) of the wild-type or Q6813.33A mutant CaSR expressed at similar levels (plasma membrane expression levels shown on the right panel) in HEK293 cells in the absence or presence of the PAM cinacalcet or NAM NPS-2143 as monitored by IP1 accumulation assays. Data represent mean ± s.e.m. from six independent experiments each performed in duplicate. b, Top three panels depict results from IP1 accumulation assays monitoring the Ca2+ responses of the CaSR heterodimer without or with the PAM-binding deficient mutant E837A in both protomers. Middle and bottom left panels show results from cell surface ELISA assays verifying the different C1 and C2 construct combinations yield similar expression levels of CaSR heterodimer at the plasma membrane. Bottom right panel shows the transfection with only one protomer containing either a C1 or C2 tail results in no IP1 accumulation signals in response to stimulation with Ca2+. Functional IP1 data represent mean ± s.e.m. from 5 independent experiments (top row) or 3 independent experiments (3rd row) each performed in duplicate, whereas cell surface ELISA data represent mean ± s.e.m. from 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. c, Structural illustrations of how the introduced mutations would occlude extended or bent PAM conformations.
Extended Data Fig. 9 Ordered C terminus in CaSR and structural comparison between CaSR and mGlu2.
a, The ordered C terminus from the 7TM with a bent PAM (7TMB) shown in cryo-EM densities with unsharpened maps. b, Asymmetric 7TMs in the active-state mGlu2 alone structure (accompanying manuscript). TM6 are shown as solid cartoon with representative residues shown as sticks to highlight the asymmetry. c, Superposition of the G protein-coupling 7TM (7TMGC) from mGlu2-Gi complex structure (accompanying manuscript) onto the active-state CaSR 7TM with a straight PAM (7TMA) showing that the G protein would fit well on the membrane plane and the tilt of CaSR 7TMB leads to the sequestration of its C terminus in the membrane. The comparison between mGlu 7TMGC and CaSR 7TMA illustrates that the receptor likely would couple to G proteins through downward extensions of both ICL2 and C terminus.
Extended Data Fig. 10 Schematic of CaSR activation mechanism.
In the inactive state, CaSR is relatively flexible and the 7TMs are separated facing each other at the TM5-TM6 plane. The VFTs adopt inactive open-open/closed conformations. The open-closed conformation can be stabilized by aromatic amino acids (AAs) or their derivatives, thus priming the receptor for activation. NAM binds at both 7TMs with the same conformation and locks the TM6 toggle switch in an inactive conformation. Under high Ca2+ and high Trp conditions, the ECD adopts a closed-closed active conformation, while the presence of the NAM prevents the 7TMs from adopting the active asymmetric configuration. Upon activation by high Ca2+ concentration, the VFTs adopt an active closed-closed conformation, which is stabilized by L-Trp bound at the cleft of each VFT and the ECD PAM etelcalcetide further stabilizes the interface between LB2 of the closed-closed VFTs. Closure of the VFTs leads to rearrangement of the CRDs, bringing the 7TMs together to form an asymmetric TM6-TM6 interface. The asymmetric configuration is stabilized by 7TM PAMs adopting distinct poses. The 7TM with a bent PAM is more tilted than the opposing 7TM with its C terminus sequestered in the membrane, and likely unable to couple to G protein.
Supplementary information
Video 1
: Inactive-state CaSR 3D variability analysis component 1. Particles of inactive-state CaSR were subjected to 3D variability analysis. This video illustrates the motions corresponding to the first principal component revealed by the analysis.
Video 2
: Inactive-state CaSR 3D variability analysis component 2. Particles of inactive-state CaSR were subjected to 3D variability analysis. This video illustrates the motions corresponding to the second principal component revealed by the analysis.
Video 3
: Inactive-state CaSR 3D variability analysis component 3. Particles of inactive-state CaSR were subjected to 3D variability analysis. This video illustrates the motions corresponding to the third principal component revealed by the analysis.
Video 4
: Active-state CaSR 3D variability analysis component 1. Particles of active-state CaSR complexed with etelcalcetide and evocalcet were subjected to 3D variability analysis. This video illustrates the motions corresponding to the first principal component revealed by the analysis.
Video 5
: Active-state CaSR 3D variability analysis component 2. Particles of active-state CaSR complexed with etelcalcetide and evocalcet were subjected to 3D variability analysis. This video illustrates the motions corresponding to the second principal component revealed by the analysis.
Video 6
: Active-state CaSR 3D variability analysis component 3. Particles of active-state CaSR complexed with etelcalcetide and evocalcet were subjected to 3D variability analysis. This video illustrates the motions corresponding to the third principal component revealed by the analysis.
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Gao, Y., Robertson, M.J., Rahman, S.N. et al. Asymmetric activation of the calcium-sensing receptor homodimer. Nature 595, 455–459 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03691-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03691-0
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