Table 1 Digital technologies used in the COVID-19 pandemic

Digital epidemiological surveillance

Machine learning

Web-based epidemic intelligence tools and online syndromic surveillance

Web-based epidemic intelligence tools: ^{20,21,22,23,25}

Based on social media or online search data: ^30,31,32,33

Survey apps and websites

Symptom reporting

^37,38,48,49

Data extraction and visualization

Data dashboard

^{39,40,41,42,43,44,45}

Rapid case identification

Connected diagnostic device

Point-of-care diagnosis

⁵⁸

Sensors including wearables

Febrile symptoms checking

^51,52,53

Machine learning

Medical image analysis

^65,66

Interruption of community transmission

Smartphone app, low-power Bluetooth technology

Digital contact tracing

Paper: ⁷¹

Apps: ^76,77,78,79

Frameworks: ^81,82,83

Mobile-phone-location data

Mobility-pattern analysis

Analysis: ^{84,87,88,89,93}

Datasets: ^86,90,91,122

Public communication

Social-media platforms

Targeted communication

^104,107

Online search engine

Prioritized information

¹⁰⁵

Chat-bot

Personalized information

¹¹⁰

Clinical care

Tele-conferencing

Telemedicine, referral

⁵⁰