Figure 2

Refactoring of design features occurs automatically across multiple layers of a three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic device. The original device design (top) comprises a first layer (layer 1) patterned with a central sample application zone and three circular zones positioned at a distance, L, using three rectangular channels. Each zone is connected to splitting channel (on layer 2) and finally two test zones (on layer 3), which creates a total of six outputs. If one circular zone on the first layer is moved to a distance 2 L, all connected objects—the linking rectangular channel and geometric shapes positioned on subsequent nodes in layers 2 and 3—are moved the correct distance automatically by AutoPAD.