Table 2 Clinical characteristics of participants according to the potassium intake tertile’.

From: Association between a High-Potassium Diet and Hearing Thresholds in the Korean Adult Population

 

Low tertile

Middle tertile

High tertile

P-value

Age (years)

58.8 ± 11.9

56.8 ± 11.1*

57.1 ± 10.3*

<0.001

Sex (men)

964 (48.8%)

877 (44.4%)

701 (35.5%)

<0.001

Diabetes mellitus

360 (18.2%)

289 (14.6%)

321 (16.3%)

0.009

Hypertension

890 (45.1%)

754 (38.2%)

751 (38.0%)

<0.001

Household income (thousand won/month)

3290 ± 6400

3710 ± 6360

4130 ± 7660*

0.001

Smoking

   

<0.001

    Non-smoker

1074 (54.4%)

1178 (59.6%)

1346 (68.2%)

 

    Ex-smoker

456 (23.1%)

456 (23.1%)

388 (19.6%)

 

    Current smoker

445 (22.5%)

341 (17.3%)

241 (12.2%)

 

Alcohol intake

   

<0.001

    Abstinence

625 (31.6%)

630 (31.9%)

714 (36.2%)

 

    Moderate drinking

1207 (61.1%)

1287 (65.2%)

1228 (62.2%)

 

    Heavy drinking

143 (7.2%)

58 (2.9%)

33 (1.7%)

 

Education level

   

<0.001

    Less than high school

1079 (54.6%)

910 (46.1%)

864 (43.7%)

 

    High school

555 (28.1%)

617 (31.2%)

676 (34.2%)

 

    College or more

341 (17.3%)

448 (22.7%)

435 (22.0%)

 

Physical activity

871 (44.1%)

923 (46.7%)

1005 (50.9%)

<0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

88.0 ± 15.9

89.6 ± 14.8*

90.0 ± 14.0*

<0.001

Calorie intake (%)

101.2 ± 35.9

99.4 ± 32.6

96.8 ± 32.8*#

<0.001

Protein intake (%)

116.8 ± 60.8

130.3 ± 61.0*

133.6 ± 71.3*

<0.001

Fat intake (%)

14.7 ± 8.5

16.1 ± 7.8*

15.1 ± 7.4*

<0.001

Carbohydrate intake (%)

66.9 ± 14.8

68.0 ± 11.6*

70.9 ± 11.0*#

<0.001

Sodium intake (mg/1000 kcal)

1895 ± 948

2357 ± 1123*

2667 ± 1587*#

<0.001

Occupational noise exposure (%)

387 (19.6%)

281 (14.2%)

242 (12.3%)

<0.001

Explosive noise exposure (%)

621 (31.4%)

514 (26.0%)

447 (22.6%)

<0.001

Vitamin A intake (mg/day)

506 ± 531

758 ± 664*

1067 ± 1234*#

<0.001

Carotene intake (mg/day)

2483 ± 2531

3890 ± 3507*

5754 ± 6852*#

<0.001

Retinol intake (mg/day)

78 ± 195

95 ± 248

108 ± 580*

0.050

Thiamine intake (mg/day)

1.5 ± 0.9

1.6 ± 0.9*

1.8 ± 1.0*#

<0.001

Riboflavin intake (mg/day)

1.0 0.6

1.2 ± 0.7*

1.4 ± 0.8*#

<0.001

Niacin intake (mg/day)

14.0 ± 8.2

16.3 ± 8.1*

17.0 ± 8.3*#

<0.001

Vitamin C intake (mg/day)

59 ± 56

107 ± 88*

165 ± 134*#

<0.001

Serum vitamin D levels (ng/mL)

18.8 ± 7.2

18.7 ± 7.0

18.6 ± 6.7

0.846

  1. The data are expressed as numbers (percentages) for categorical variables and means ± standard deviations for continuous variables. The differences between the potassium intake tertiles were tested using one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables, followed by post hoc Tukey comparisons, and Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. *P < 0.05 versus the low tertile group. #P < 0.05 versus the middle tertile group.
  2. Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
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