Table 1 Coefficients of variation (in %) for measurements (L: mesiodistal length, B: buccolingual breadth) of the lower and upper teeth in skull samples of seven living bear species and in fossil populations of the extinct Ursus etruscus and Ursus deningeri from a number of Early and Middle Pleistocene sites of Europe.

Ursus maritimus (6♀, 9♂, 2?)

12.6

12.3

5.5

7.3

3.2

5.0

4.2

3.0

4.3

9.3

7.4

13.9

14.6

7.0

8.5

6.3

4.1

7.4

5.3

Helarctos malayanus (2♀, 2♂, 8?)

9.9

11.5

7.7

10.5

4.4

8.0

8.1

6.3

8.8

9.9

23.4

19.2

12.8

9.4

6.4

4.7

6.5

7.7

6.0

Melursus ursinus (5♀, 4♂, 5?)

12.6

10.9

6.6

6.3

5.6

9.5

13.5

6.3

8.5

6.5

8.7

11.5

10.9

6.5

10.8

4.3

6.7

8.5

9.2

Ailuropoda melanoleuca (5♀, 2♂, 5?)

13.5

8.7

4.0

5.1

1.8

12.1

3.4

3.4

9.3

5.3

2.4

14.3

9.4

8.5

3.9

3.2

2.2

10.2

2.5

Ursus arctos (13♀, 14♂, 9?)

18.3

17.0

10.9

16.6

9.9

16.1

10.3

8.8

15.5

10.4

10.5

19.7

17.5

11.5

12.5

12.2

10.3

11.5

10.0

U. arctos beringianus (2♀, 1♂, 1?)

19.6

13.1

9.9

8.6

8.8

11.7

10.7

8.1

10.6

12.6

13.9

27.7

20.2

7.1

8.1

7.7

11.9

13.6

8.6

U. arctos gyas (1♀, 2♂)

10.8

11.2

8.2

4.6

4.9

29.4

6.2

3.0

2.5

7.7

8.4

12.3

24.4

13.7

13.8

31.5

16.1

29.0

15.7

U. arctos horribilis (2♀, 2♂, 3?)

14.6

17.2

9.1

10.7

8.1

10.6

10.7

9.4

11.1

10.0

8.6

16.0

14.4

13.5

11.2

7.5

9.5

6.6

8.2

U. arctos isabelinus (2♀, 2♂, 3?)

14.7

10.3

6.2

5.6

4.8

4.5

4.5

5.2

7.0

7.7

6.6

11.2

10.8

7.6

15.8

7.1

8.1

6.7

7.6

U. arctos pruinosus (2♀, 2♂)

15.5

11.3

10.4

25.3

7.2

8.3

7.7

4.9

6.8

8.7

6.6

8.1

9.7

7.0

7.1

4.7

3.2

2.7

4.4

U. arctos syriacus (2♀, 2♂)

13.2

9.4

6.1

2.3

4.2

2.8

3.7

7.0

2.8

2.3

3.8

28.8

26.1

16.7

18.1

8.6

14.7

15.1

13.8

Ursus thibetanus (4♀, 4♂, 6?)

12.5

14.8

12.7

8.9

9.6

32.3

8.6

6.4

20.6

12.8

8.8

12.3

14.4

9.3

12.3

7.8

8.5

9.7

8.0

Ursus americanus (4♀, 6♂, 3?)

12.7

11.2

7.5

7.0

6.2

8.0

6.4

7.3

17.6

8.9

8.0

14.4

13.9

7.9

8.6

7.1

5.6

7.4

7.6

Ursus etruscus All samples (135/121)

23.5

16.9

10.0

9.3

6.4

9.7

10.8

8.8

11.1

10.6

9.8

17.9

13.6

20.6

20.8

9.7

8.2

8.6

9.1

U. etruscus Saint Vallier (25/22)

9.4

8.3

7.4

1.9

3.6

4.5

5.0

3.3

2.4

1.8

3.3

12.6

12.5

8.9

14.8

7.9

9.1

U. etruscus Dmanisi (35/24)

14.2

13.5

9.1

7.8

6.3

11.7

13.7

9.1

11.2

8.1

6.7

12.9

17.4

28.2

23.3

5.3

8.1

12.5

5.1

U. etruscus Val d’Arno (44/29)

9.5

12.6

13.1

9.9

7.0

12.3

7.2

10.2

8.4

16.1

6.9

5.2

12.0

13.1

6.1

3.4

4.4

U. etruscus Olivola (11/4)

16.8

10.6

7.7

7.0

5.9

7.2

8.7

15.0

12.0

2.9

2.5

1.9

6.3

0.9

1.1

1.0

8.3

U. etruscus Pietrafitta (4/5)

7.6

8.9

4.1

3.0

0.4

5.3

4.0

0.0

9.6

9.4

3.6

10.0

3.2

4.1

U. etruscus Pirro Nord (9/16)

6.6

4.5

12.4

9.2

2.7

4.2

4.0

10.3

6.9

7.1

5.3

U. etruscus Orce (8/13)

1.3

2.0

2.7

5.9

3.3

2.0

6.0

5.7

3.0

2.7

4.6

6.7

4.2

Ursus deningeri All samples (217/146)

24.6

23.7

18.1

20.6

20.6

11.5

20.2

16.8

10.7

20.3

16.8

7.1

8.6

8.7

12.4

8.4

9.2

10.8

7.5

U. deningeri Untermassfeld (8)

3.2

5.2

5.0

3.8

5.1

8.5

3.2

4.3

10.5

U. deningeri Trinchera Dolina (11/28)

9.2

7.6

4.7

6.9

5.1

4.7

11.7

6.9

6.9

5.6

3.8

5.6

U. deningeri Vallonnet (128/92)

6.5

5.0

7.9

8.5

6.4

9.5

9.8

7.0

9.0

6.2

7.9

8.2

9.9

6.7

8.8

9.0

6.5

U. savini (4)

22.4

11.7

9.2

10.5

6.3

11.8

9.6

19.4

10.3

U. deningeri Stránslá Skála (3)

9.3

9.8

5.1

7.1

3.6

11.8

9.2

U. deningeri Aragó (47/22)

9.8

6.2

7.7

7.7

5.6

6.5

6.5

6.7

8.8

10.4

6.0

5.7

4.3

6.6

8.5

9.7

5.7

10.7

7.7

U. deningeri Château (4)

11.4

13.0

10.3

23.6

6.4

12.3

6.3

9.9

6.5

U. deningeri Azé (4)

0.6

7.4

4.0

7.0

10.6

8.7

10.4

U. deningeri Cueva Mayor (4)

10.0

4.6

18.5

25.7

7.2

15.3

11.6

15.7

12.6

U. deningeri Sima de los Huesos (4/4)

18.7

17.7

15.5

7.8

5.0

7.1

8.0

12.8

5.8

8.8

16.5

4.5

12.0

9.0

9.4